{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:28:06Z","timestamp":1791919686882,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":373,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Personality disorders (PDs) are currently considered dysfunctions. However, personality differences are older than humanity and are ubiquitous in nature, from insects to higher primates. This suggests that a number of evolutionary mechanisms\u2014other than dysfunctions\u2014may be able to maintain stable behavioral variation in the gene pool. First of all, apparently maladaptive traits may actually improve fitness by enabling better survival or successful mating or reproduction, as exemplified by neuroticism, psychopathy, and narcissism. Furthermore, some PDs may harm important biological goals while facilitating others, or may be globally beneficial or detrimental depending on environmental circumstances or body condition. Alternatively, certain traits may form part of life history strategies: Coordinated suites of morphological, physiological and behavioral characters that optimize fitness through alternative routes and respond to selection as a whole. Still others may be vestigial adaptations that are no longer beneficial in present times. Finally, variation may be adaptative in and by itself, as it reduces competition for finite resources. These and other evolutionary mechanisms are reviewed and illustrated through human and non-human examples. Evolutionary theory is the best-substantiated explanatory framework across the life sciences, and may shed light on the question of why harmful personalities exist at all.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1110420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T00:25:56Z","timestamp":1675038356000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The evolution of personality disorders: A review of proposals"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Fernando","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Valdesoiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.180.2.110","article-title":"The distinction between personality disorder and mental illness.","volume":"180","author":"Kendell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003156215","volume":"158","author":"Paris","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature and Nurture in Personality and Psychopathology: A Guide for Clinicians."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61995-4","article-title":"Classification, assessment, prevalence, and effect of personality disorder.","volume":"385","author":"Tyrer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2017.09.006","article-title":"Impact of personality pathology on psychosocial functioning.","volume":"21","author":"Skodol","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2005.06.002","article-title":"Personality disorders and quality of life. 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