{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T07:27:05Z","timestamp":1780471625976,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]],"date-time":"2023-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to explore the effects of a virtual reality (VR)-based motivational reinforcement + desensitization intervention program on psychological craving and addiction memory in female methamphetamine (MA)-dependent young adults.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We recruited 60 female MA-dependent young adults in a compulsory isolation drug rehabilitation facility in Sichuan Province, and randomly assigned them to intervention (mean age\u2009=\u200923.24\u2009\u00b1\u20092.06) and control groups (mean age\u2009=\u200923.33\u2009\u00b1\u20092.09). The intervention group received a VR-based motivational enhancement + desensitization intervention (total of eight sessions over a 4-week period), while the control group received regular detoxification management during the same period. Assessments were conducted before, immediately after, and 1\u2009month after the intervention, with a visual analogue scale (VAS) being used to assess subjective craving, electronic sphygmomanometer employed to measure physiological parameters, and the Addiction Memory Intensity Scale (AMIS) applied to assess addiction memory intensity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Generalized estimating equation analysis showed significant main effects of group on changes in heart rate difference, systolic blood pressure difference, VAS and AMIS scores (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01), and a significant time main effect on changes in diastolic blood pressure difference, VAS and AMIS scores (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01), and a significant group \u00d7 time interaction effect on changes in the difference values of three physiological parameters, VAS and AMIS scores (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01 or <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). After the intervention, the differences in three physiological parameters, and the VAS and AMIS scores, were significantly lower in the intervention than in the control group (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05), and the difference between the two groups remained significant 1\u2009month after the end of the intervention (both <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01). VAS scores, heart rate difference, and diastolic blood pressure difference in the intervention group were significantly lower than baseline scores, both at the end of the intervention and 1\u2009month thereafter (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01); the systolic blood pressure difference in the intervention group was significantly lower at the end of the intervention than at baseline (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05); AMIS scores in the intervention group were significantly lower than the baseline scores 1\u2009month after the end of the intervention (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our VR-based motivational reinforcement + desensitization intervention program can effectively reduce psychological craving and physiological reactivity for drugs, and the intensity of addictive memories in female MA-dependent young adults, even after 1\u2009month.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1114878","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]],"date-time":"2023-07-25T08:11:29Z","timestamp":1690272689000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Effects of a virtual reality-based motivational reinforcement + desensitization intervention program on psychological craving and addiction memory in female MA-dependent young adults"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xihui","family":"Ji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuyao","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lushi","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binbin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sijin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangyan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.10.012","article-title":"Methamphetamine-induced toxicity: the role of autophagy?","volume":"260","author":"Roohbakhsh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem Biol Interact"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2010.06.002","article-title":"Effect of early and late compliance on the effectiveness ofacamprosate in the treatment ofalcohol dependence","volume":"39","author":"Koeter","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Subst Abus Treat"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2014.06.008","article-title":"Risk control and rational recreation Aqualitative analysis of synthetic drug use among young urbanites in China","volume":"25","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2005.01.011","article-title":"Imaging the developing brain: what have we learned about cognitive development","volume":"9","author":"Casey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2015.07.008","article-title":"Adolescence as a sensitive period of brain development","volume":"19","author":"Fuhrmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2010.501664","article-title":"Effects of motivational enhancement therapyon readiness to change MDMA and methamphetamine use behaviors in Taiwaneseadolescents","volume":"46","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.03.008","article-title":"Reconsolidation of human memory: brain mechanisms and clinical relevance","volume":"76","author":"Schwabe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1215070","article-title":"A memory retrieval-extinction procedure to prevent drug craving and relapse","volume":"336","author":"Xue","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.3148","article-title":"Effect of a brief memory updating intervention on smoking behavior: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"74","author":"Germeroth","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-009-0066-0","article-title":"A survey on virtual reality","volume":"52","author":"Zhao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sci China Ser F: Inf Sci"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2010.07.005","article-title":"Methamphetamine craving induced in an online virtual reality environment","volume":"96","author":"Culbertson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"ref12","article-title":"Effects of interventional model \u201cmotivation enhancement-desensitization-neurotransmitter regulation\u201d","volume-title":"Patients with methamphetamine dependence","author":"Wang","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.06.002","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory assessment of the subjective experience of drug craving","volume":"29","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0999","article-title":"The use of the visual analogue scale (VAS) in rehabilitation outcomes","volume":"44","author":"Kersten","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1007\/s001130170111","article-title":"Entwicklung und Validierung des VAS-Wirbels\u00e4ulenscores [development and validation of the visual analogue scale (VAS) spine score]","volume":"104","author":"Knop","year":"2001","journal-title":"Unfallchirurg"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1999.9433273.x","article-title":"Meta-analysis of cue-reactivity in addiction research","volume":"94","author":"Carter","year":"1999","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13472","article-title":"Craving cannabis: a meta-analysis of self-report and psychophysiological cue-reactivity studies","volume":"111","author":"Norberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7120467","article-title":"A new measure for assessing the intensity of addiction memory in illicit drug users: the addiction memory intensity scale","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.2307\/2531248","article-title":"Longitudinal data analysis for discrete and continuous outcomes","volume":"42","author":"Zeger","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12337","article-title":"Recent developments in the behavioural and pharmacological enhancement of extinction of drug seeking","volume":"22","author":"Chesworth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-013-3004-1","article-title":"Post-retrieval extinction as reconsolidation interference: methodological issues or boundary conditions?","volume":"226","author":"Auber","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2006.01.004","article-title":"A preliminary report on the use of virtual reality technology to elicit craving and cue reactivity in cocaine dependent individuals","volume":"31","author":"Saladin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22626","article-title":"Targeting memory reconsolidation to prevent the return of fear in patients with fear of flying","volume":"34","author":"Maples-Keller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14099","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01409","article-title":"Virtual reality (VR) in assessment and treatment of addictive disorders: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Segawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2004.7.705","article-title":"Nicotine craving and cue exposure therapy by using virtual environments","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2007.9978","article-title":"Cue-exposure therapy to decrease alcohol craving in virtual environment","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2009.0118","article-title":"Crushing virtual cigarettes reduces tobacco addiction and treatment discontinuation","volume":"12","author":"Girard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.4306\/pi.2011.8.2.155","article-title":"The effect of repeated virtual nicotine cue exposure therapy on the psychophysiological responses: a preliminary study","volume":"8","author":"Choi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2013.05.007","article-title":"Smoking a virtual cigarette increases craving among smokers","volume":"38","author":"Garc\u00eda-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.10.003","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial of cue exposure treatment through virtual reality for smoking cessation","volume":"96","author":"Pericot-Valverde","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Subst Abus Treat"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00322","article-title":"Memory retrieval-extinction combined with virtual reality reducing drug craving for methamphetamine: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psych"},{"key":"ref32","volume-title":"Guiding the process of the therapeutic change","author":"Kanfer","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118484890","volume-title":"Theory of Addiction. Second Editioned","author":"West","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"7","article-title":"Brain-Updating machinery may explain false memories","volume-title":"New York Times","author":"Blakeslee","year":"2000"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1114878\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]],"date-time":"2023-07-25T08:11:33Z","timestamp":1690272693000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1114878\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1114878"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1114878","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]]},"article-number":"1114878"}}