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Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been used to study functional connectivity of brain networks in addictions. However, most studies to-date have focused on the default mode network (DMN) with fewer studies assessing the executive control network (ECN) and salience network (SN), despite well-documented cognitive executive behavioral deficits in addictions. The present study assessed the functional and effective connectivity of the ECN, DMN, and SN in cocaine dependent subjects (CD) (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 22) compared to healthy control subjects (HC) (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 22) matched on age and education. This study also investigated the relationship between impulsivity measured by delay discounting and functional and effective connectivity of the ECN, DMN, and SN. The Left ECN (LECN), Right ECN (RECN), DMN, and SN functional networks were identified using FSL MELODIC independent component analysis. Functional connectivity differences between CD and HC were assessed using FSL Dual Regression analysis and FSLNets. Effective connectivity differences between CD and HC were measured using the Parametric Empirical Bayes module of Dynamic Causal Modeling. The relationship between delay discounting and functional and effective connectivity were examined using regression analyses. Dynamic causal modeling (DCM) analysis showed strong evidence (posterior probability &amp;gt; 0.95) for CD to have greater effective connectivity than HC in the RECN to LECN pathway when tobacco use was included as a factor in the model. DCM analysis showed strong evidence for a positive association between delay discounting and effective connectivity for the RECN to LECN pathway and for the DMN to DMN self-connection. There was strong evidence for a negative association between delay discounting and effective connectivity for the DMN to RECN pathway and for the SN to DMN pathway. Results also showed strong evidence for a negative association between delay discounting and effective connectivity for the RECN to SN pathway in CD but a positive association in HC. These novel findings provide preliminary support that RECN effective connectivity may differ between CD and HC after controlling for tobacco use. RECN effective connectivity may also relate to tobacco use and impulsivity as measured by delay discounting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1117817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T09:58:21Z","timestamp":1677146301000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Executive control network resting state fMRI functional and effective connectivity and delay discounting in cocaine dependent subjects compared to healthy controls"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Kyle","family":"Woisard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joel L.","family":"Steinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liangsuo","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Zuniga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Lennon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F. 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