{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T22:38:08Z","timestamp":1782859088223,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder with a many-faced clinical presentation. Obsessive\u2013compulsive symptoms are often part of it. The characteristics of the clinical picture and the course of schizophrenia are factors related to both the resistance and the manifestation of obsessive\u2013compulsive symptoms. Our study aims to establish the relationship between the peculiarities of the schizophrenia process and the influence of resistance on the expression of obsessive\u2013compulsive symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A study was conducted on 105 patients with schizophrenia. Of them, 39 are men and 66 are women. The evaluation of the effectiveness of the treatment showed that 45 were resistant to the applied therapy, while the remaining 60 responded. Clinical assessment of patients was performed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). Assessment of obsessive\u2013compulsive symptoms (OCS) was conducted with the Dimensional obsessive\u2013compulsive symptoms scale (DOCS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In 34% of all patients, we found clinically expressed obsessive\u2013compulsive symptoms. In 40% of the patients with resistance, we found clinically expressed obsessive\u2013compulsive symptoms, which are within the range of moderately expressed. In 30% of the patients in clinical remission, we found obsessive\u2013compulsive symptoms, but mildly expressed. We found a statistically significant relationship between the severity of OCS and the disorganized symptoms and the duration of the schizophrenia process. No differences were found in the expression of OCS in patients of both sexes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We registered both an increased frequency and an increased expression of obsessive\u2013compulsive symptoms in patients with resistant schizophrenia. These symptoms were positively associated with disorganized symptoms and duration of schizophrenia. No relationship was established with the positive, negative symptoms, as well as with the gender distribution.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1120974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T04:59:55Z","timestamp":1677473995000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patient with schizophrenia: The influence of disorganized symptoms, duration of schizophrenia, and drug resistance"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Georgi","family":"Panov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Presyana","family":"Panova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9050517","article-title":"Editorial of special issue crosstalk between depression, anxiety, and dementia: comorbidity in behavioral neurology and neuropsychiatry","volume":"9","author":"Tanaka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicine"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9030235","article-title":"Effects of psychostimulants and antipsychotics on serum lipids in an animal model for schizophrenia","volume":"9","author":"Correia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicine"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10090633","article-title":"The endogenous opioid system in schizophrenia and treatment resistant schizophrenia: increased plasma Endomorphin 2, and \u03ba and \u03bc opioid receptors are associated with Interleukin-6","volume":"10","author":"Moustafa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11010095","article-title":"Diagnostic task specific activations in functional MRI and aberrant connectivity of insula with middle frontal gyrus Can inform the differential diagnosis of psychosis","volume":"11","author":"Stoyanov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00021","article-title":"Psychopathology assessment methods revisited: on translational cross-validation of clinical self-evaluation scale and fMRI","volume":"8","author":"Stoyanov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psych"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9070734","article-title":"Immune influencers in action: metabolites and enzymes of the tryptophan-kynurenine metabolic pathway","volume":"9","author":"Tanaka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicine"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1097\/YIC.0000000000000442","article-title":"Dopamine supersensitivity psychosis and delay of clozapine treatment in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia","volume":"38","author":"Masumo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1080\/13102818.2006.10817325","article-title":"A Pharmacogenetic and dynamical model of the resistance to antipsychotic treatment of schizophrenia","volume":"20","author":"Stojanov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biotechnol. 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