{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T11:00:19Z","timestamp":1791543619658,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004690","name":"Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004690","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Crack-cocaine dependence is a severe condition with a high mortality rate. This single case study report details the first deep brain stimulation (DBS) trial targeting the sub-thalamic nucleus (STN) for crack-cocaine dependence. The investigation aimed to assess the effects of STN-DBS on cocaine craving and cocaine use, as well as STN-DBS safety and tolerance in this indication. In this pilot study, we performed double blind cross-over trials, with \u201cON-DBS\u201d vs. \u201cSHAM-DBS\u201d for 1-month periods. STN-DBS failed to reduce cocaine craving and use. An episode of DBS-induced hypomania occurred after several weeks of cocaine intake at stimulation parameters previously well tolerated. Future research on cocaine dependence should be conducted after a prolonged abstinence period and\/or explore novel types of stimulation patterns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1146492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T04:53:15Z","timestamp":1684990395000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["A single case report of STN-DBS for severe crack-cocaine dependence: double-blind ON vs. SHAM randomized controlled 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