{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T03:33:32Z","timestamp":1776915212953,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]],"date-time":"2023-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>In recent decades, the relationship between emotional disorders (i.e., depression and anxiety) and alterations in physiological functions (i.e., inflammation or metabolism) have been well supported. However, studies on a symptom-based approach have provided mixed results. Our study aims to gain insight into how subclinical statuses, featured by elevated depressive and\/or anxious symptoms, may influence immunometabolic alterations in the concurrent relationship; and the development of metabolic diseases at 10-year follow-up: diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data from 758 Greek adults [394 men (aged 41 \u00b1 10 years) and 364 women (aged 37 \u00b1 12 years)] were used. Four groups were created according to the levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms: (1) control group (CG), (2) depressive group (DG), (3) anxiety group (AG) and (4) depressive and anxiety group (DAG). Multi-indicator multi-causes (MIMIC) modeling was used to estimate metabolic function and inflammatory response scores, on a wide selection of blood biomarkers. Finally, a binary logistic regression was carried out to study the influence of symptoms on the development of the aforementioned metabolic diseases on a 10-year follow-up.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Group membership was not associated with metabolic function score. Conversely, DAG membership was related with higher inflammatory response score (<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic> = 0.20, <jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>95<\/jats:sub> = 0.01, 0.40), with respect to the CG (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). Both age and sex were significant variables in the calculation of both scores. Regarding disease at 10-year follow-up effect, risk of developing diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia was associated with age and socioeconomic status. Moreover, DG membership was significant for diabetes risk (<jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic> = 2.08, <jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>95<\/jats:sub> = 1.00, 4.22) and DAG for hypercholesterolemia (<jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic> = 1.68, <jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>95<\/jats:sub> = 1.16, 2.43).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data on anti-inflammatory drugs and psychopharmacological medication were not collected in this study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Elevated symptoms of depression and anxiety accounts for inflammatory alterations at concurrent relationship and a higher risk of 10-year follow-up metabolic diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1148643","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]],"date-time":"2023-12-04T04:34:49Z","timestamp":1701664489000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effects of elevated emotional symptoms on metabolic disease development: a 10-year follow-up study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yolanda","family":"Sanchez-Carro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"de la 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