{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T04:53:30Z","timestamp":1791003210224,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of survivors are little known, especially regarding the occurrence of psychological disorders such as anxiety and depression. In this study, we evaluated the impacts on the mental health of Brazilian survivors who were not infected or asymptomatic with COVID-19.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted collecting information through an electronic form from January to May 2021. The sample consisted of 1,334 people and were divided into two groups: case, with individuals who reported a positive diagnosis of the disease, with or without symptoms, and control, who reported not being diagnosed with COVID-19 and did not present any symptoms during the collection period. Validated instruments were used to investigate symptoms of depression (Patient Health Questionnaire), anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7), post-traumatic stress disorder (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist) and insomnia (Insomnia Severity Index). The data were presented as standard deviation or median and interquartile ranges. The chi-square test was applied for statistical significance between categorical variables, considering a <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;\u20090.05.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Regarding post-traumatic stress levels, the case and control groups showed no differences (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.82). The results of the research indicated that was no statistical correlation between the group that was affected by the virus infection and the group that was not affected in terms of depression (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.9) and anxiety (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.7). At the same time, the levels of insomnia (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02) demonstrated a statistical correlation between the groups. The prevalence of the analyzed mental health disorders was similar among both groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In conclusion, the population of survivors of COVID-19 infection tends to show little difference in terms of developing post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression when compared to uninfected individuals. On the other hand, disorders such as insomnia are more prevalent and show a significant difference between groups, appearing more in infected individuals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1151253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T12:45:45Z","timestamp":1688993145000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The impacts of the coronavirus pandemic on the mental health of Brazilian diagnosed with COVID-19 and comparison of symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, and post-traumatic stress with undiagnosed subjects"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sumayla Gabrielle Nascimento da","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas Mendes","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando Cesar de Souza","family":"Braga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Silveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oz\u00e9lia Sousa","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.26633\/RPSP.2022.9","article-title":"COVID-19 emergency operations center: experience of the Rio de Janeiro municipality, Brazil","volume":"46","author":"de Oliveira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pan Am J Public Health"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3857","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17113857","article-title":"Coping with COVID-19: exposure to COVID-19 and negative impact on livelihood predict elevated mental health problems in Chinese adults","volume":"17","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2011.02.003","article-title":"Depression after exposure to stressful events: lessons learned from the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic","volume":"53","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17051729","article-title":"Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2020427","DOI":"10.1590\/s1679-49742020000400018","article-title":"Report of sadness\/depression, nervousness\/anxiety, and sleep problems in the Brazilian adult population during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"29","author":"Barros","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epidemiol Health Serv"},{"key":"ref7","volume-title":"Brazil: indicators [Internet]","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-82712014019002004","article-title":"Assessment of anxiety and depression in cancer patients: a psychometric comparison","volume":"19","author":"Bergerot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psycho-USF"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.18.1737","article-title":"Patient health questionnaire primary care study group, patient health questionnaire primary care study group. Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: the PHQ primary care study","volume":"282","author":"Spitzer","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9","volume":"16","author":"Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1590\/0101-60830000000107","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): transcultural adaptation of the Brazilian version","volume":"44","author":"Osorio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7","volume":"166","author":"Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Inter Med"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-159-10-201311190-00012","article-title":"Annals of internal medicine","volume":"159","author":"Maley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(00)00065-4","article-title":"Validation of the insomnia severity index as an outcome measure for insomnia research","volume":"2","author":"Bastien","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/29.9.1155","article-title":"Recommendations for a standard research assessment of insomnia","volume":"29","author":"Buysse","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e192-7","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30483-7","article-title":"A minimal common outcome measure set for COVID-19 clinical research","volume":"20","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjem.2018.08.001","article-title":"User\u2019s guide to correlation coefficients","volume":"18","author":"Akoglu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Turkish J Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.04.031","article-title":"The differential psychological distress of populations affected by the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"87","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4132","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20054132","article-title":"Effects of a multi-professional intervention on mental health of middle-aged overweight survivors of COVID-19: a clinical trial","volume":"20","author":"Ryal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e045794","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-045794","article-title":"Psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic within institutional quarantine and isolation centres and its sociodemographic correlates in Qatar: a cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Reagu","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0243883","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243883","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of disability and anxiety in a retrospective cohort of 432 survivors of coronavirus disease-2019 (Covid-19) from China","volume":"15","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0244630","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244630","article-title":"Factors associated with psychological distress during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the predominantly general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797545","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.797545","article-title":"The psychological impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers in Saudi Arabia: a year later into the pandemic","volume":"12","author":"Almalki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891430","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.891430","article-title":"Mental health, burnout, and job stressors among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran: a cross-sectional survey","volume":"13","author":"Hajebi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.24840\/2183-0606_008.001_0003","article-title":"Analysing the sentiments towards work-from-home experience during the Covid-19 pandemic","volume":"8","author":"Dubey","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Innov Manag"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2021.110516","article-title":"Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia symptoms among patients with COVID-19: a meta-analysis of quality effects model","volume":"147","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.05.018","article-title":"The immediate impact of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak on subjective sleep status","volume":"77","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.109","article-title":"Loneliness, depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder among Chinese adults during COVID-19: a cross-sectional online survey","volume":"281","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.05.048","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: systematic review of the current evidence","volume":"89","author":"Vindegaard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-021-06731-7","article-title":"Post traumatic stress disorder among COVID 19 survivors at 3 moth follow up after hospital discharge","volume":"36","author":"Tarsitani","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1002\/nop2.1341","article-title":"Comparing mental health status and COVID-19 event impact between survivors and the general population during the second wave of the pandemic in Iran","volume":"10","author":"Hasannezhad Reskati","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nurs Open"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e47","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2021.3","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in COVID-19 survivors: online population survey","volume":"7","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2021","journal-title":"BJPsych Open"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.05.038","article-title":"Immediate psychological distress in quarantined patients with COVID-19 and its association with peripheral inflammation: a mixed-method study","volume":"88","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59138","DOI":"10.34117\/bjdv7n6-349","article-title":"Covid-19: physiopathological and psychological sequels in patients and the multidisciplinary professional team","volume":"7","author":"Estrela","year":"2021","journal-title":"Braz J Dev"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1151253\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T12:46:15Z","timestamp":1688993175000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1151253\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1151253"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1151253","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]]},"article-number":"1151253"}}