{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T20:52:14Z","timestamp":1793307134161,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]],"date-time":"2023-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Severe posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may lead to non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), and borderline personality disorder (BPD) tendencies may play a role in this process. Secondary vocational students experience more social, familial and other pressures and are more vulnerable to psychological problems. Thus, we explored the effect of BPD tendencies and subjective well-being (SWB) on NSSI in secondary vocational students with PTSD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 2,160 Chinese secondary vocational students in Wuhan participated in our cross-sectional investigation. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5), criteria for PTSD, NSSI Questionnaire, Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4+, subjective well-being scale, and family adaptation, partnership, growth, affection, and resolve (APGAR) Index were used. We conducted a binary logistic regression model and linear regression analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sex (odds ratio [OR] = 0.354, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.171\u20130.733), BPD tendencies (OR = 1.192, 95% CI = 1.066\u20131.333) and SWB (OR = 0.652, 95% CI = 0.516\u20130.824) were independent factors that predicted NSSI in secondary vocational students with PTSD. Spearman\u2019s correlation analysis showed that BPD tendencies were positively correlated with NSSI frequency (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = 0.282, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01). SWB was negatively correlated with NSSI frequency (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = \u22120.301, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01). The linear regression showed that BPD tendencies (\u03b2 = 0.137, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05 and \u03b2 = \u22120.230, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001) were significantly correlated with NSSI frequency. Spearman\u2019s correlation analysis showed that family functioning was positively correlated with SWB (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = 0.486, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01) and negatively correlated with BPD tendencies (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = \u22120.296, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In adolescents, PTSD in response to stressful events could lead to NSSI, and BPD tendencies promote the intensity of NSSI, while SWB diminishes its intensity. Improvement in family functioning may actively guide the development of mental health and improve SWB; such steps may constitute interventions to prevent or treat NSSI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1152352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]],"date-time":"2023-06-15T05:07:45Z","timestamp":1686805665000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Effects of BPD tendencies and subjective well-being on NSSI in adolescents with PTSD"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Weixi","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongjun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaoyuan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianzhong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.06.004","article-title":"Multi-modal neuroimaging of adolescents with non-suicidal self-injury: amygdala functional connectivity.","volume":"221","author":"Westlund Schreiner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S75","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-012-0365-7","article-title":"Non-suicidal self-injury.","volume":"22","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2022.152311","article-title":"Nonsuicidal self-injury behaviour in a city of China and its association with family environment, media use and psychopathology.","volume":"115","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2373","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(12)60322-5","article-title":"Self-harm and suicide in adolescents.","volume":"379","author":"Hawton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.912441","article-title":"Global prevalence and characteristics of non-suicidal self-injury between 2010 and 2021 among a non-clinical sample of adolescents: a meta-analysis.","volume":"13","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.12.181","article-title":"The effects of alexithymia, experiential avoidance, and childhood sexual abuse on non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal ideation among Chinese college students with a history of childhood sexual abuse.","volume":"282","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838012447698","article-title":"Factors related to posttraumatic stress disorder in adolescence.","volume":"13","author":"Nooner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.09.030","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder clusters and suicidal ideation.","volume":"270","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2012.03.025","article-title":"Exploring the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder and deliberate self-harm: the moderating roles of borderline and avoidant personality disorders.","volume":"199","author":"Gratz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(22)00821-2","article-title":"Complex post-traumatic stress disorder.","volume":"400","author":"Maercker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.529361","article-title":"Clinical correlates of deliberate self-harm among migrant trauma-affected subgroups.","volume":"12","author":"Baralla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.731629","article-title":"Interpersonal relatedness and non-suicidal self-injurious behaviors in female adolescents with borderline personality disorder.","volume":"12","author":"Gu\u00e9nol\u00e9","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40479-021-00162-w","article-title":"Borderline personality disorder (Bpd) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Adhd) revisited - a review-update on common grounds and subtle distinctions.","volume":"8","author":"Ditrich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.652004","article-title":"Non-Suicidal self-injury among incarcerated adolescents: prevalence, personality, and psychiatric comorbidity.","volume":"12","author":"Koposov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1080\/13811118.2016.1158681","article-title":"Borderline personality disorder diagnostic criteria as risk factors for suicidal behavior through the lens of the interpersonal theory of suicide.","volume":"20","author":"Rogers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Suicide Res."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1080\/13811118.2020.1784334","article-title":"Optimal Pai-a cutoffs to determine risk for non-suicidal self-injury (Nssi) and suicide-related behavior (Srb) among at-risk adolescents.","volume":"26","author":"Floyd","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Suicide Res."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291719001260","article-title":"Familial factors and the risk of borderline personality pathology: genetic and environmental transmission.","volume":"50","author":"Fatimah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000523","article-title":"Parental invalidation and its associations with borderline personality disorder symptoms: a multivariate meta-analysis.","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Personal Disord."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1080\/13811118.2018.1486252","article-title":"Self-injury age of onset: a risk factor for Nssi severity and suicidal behavior.","volume":"23","author":"Muehlenkamp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Suicide Res."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192114473","article-title":"Vocational identity status in Chinese emerging adults with and without hearing impairment: latent profiles and relationships with self-esteem and subjective well-being.","volume":"19","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/bjdp.12436","article-title":"Development of subjective well-being and its relationship with self-esteem in early adolescence.","volume":"41","author":"Katsantonis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Dev Psychol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192416593","article-title":"Children\u2019s and adolescents\u2019 happiness and family functioning: a systematic literature review.","volume":"19","author":"Izzo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1000821","article-title":"Exploring the associations between behavioral health risk factors, abnormal eating attitudes and socio-demographic factors among Chinese youth: survey of 7,984 vocational high school students in Hunan in 2020.","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2957","DOI":"10.2147\/prbm.S381069","article-title":"Development of junior high school students to secondary vocational students stigma scale.","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol Res Behav Manag."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.05.021","article-title":"Applications of the Chinese version of the primary care Ptsd screen for dsm-5 (Pc-Ptsd-5) for children.","volume":"254","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.695678","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the primary care Ptsd screen for Dsm-5: findings from family members of Chinese healthcare workers during the outbreak of COVID-19.","volume":"12","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.7334\/psicothema2013.59","article-title":"Diagnostic agreement between the personality diagnostic questionnaire-4+ (Pdq-4+) and its clinical significance scale.","volume":"25","author":"Calvo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psicothema."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.16.4.317.24127","article-title":"Assessing the Dsm-Iv structure of personality disorder with a sample of Chinese psychiatric patients.","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pers Disord."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00605","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the brief borderline symptom list in undergraduate students and clinical patients.","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-2253-5","author":"Frank","year":"1976","journal-title":"Social indicators of well-being: American\u2019s perception of life quality."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-020-00402-8","article-title":"Prevalence of depression and anxiety and correlations between depression, anxiety, family functioning, social support and coping styles among Chinese medical students.","volume":"8","author":"Shao","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Psychol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/13651501.2017.1360500","article-title":"Quality of life in family caregivers of schizophrenia patients in Spain: caregiver characteristics, caregiving burden, family functioning, and social and professional support.","volume":"22","author":"Rib\u00e9","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12410","article-title":"Association between family functioning and cognitive impairment among chinese nonagenarians\/centenarians.","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19127497","article-title":"Parenting practice profiling and its associated factors among secondary vocational school students in China.","volume":"19","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16224581","article-title":"Global lifetime and 12-month prevalence of suicidal behavior, deliberate self-harm and non-suicidal self-injury in children and adolescents between 1989 and 2018: a meta-analysis.","volume":"16","author":"Lim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/sltb.12070","article-title":"Prevalence of nonsuicidal self-injury in nonclinical samples: systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression.","volume":"44","author":"Sarah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Suicide Life-Threat Behav."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-022-00446-1","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence and clinical correlates of nonsuicidal self-injury in youth inpatients with eating disorders: a retrospective chart review.","volume":"16","author":"Arnold","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000549","article-title":"An initial investigation of the association between Dsm-5 posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and nonsuicidal self-injury functions.","volume":"14","author":"Ennis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol Trauma."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.02.009","article-title":"Gender differences in the prevalence of nonsuicidal self-injury: a meta-analysis.","volume":"38","author":"Bresin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-018-0861-y","article-title":"Menarche and menstrual problems are associated with non-suicidal self-injury in adolescent girls.","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Womens Ment Health."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.6863","article-title":"Association of internet addiction with nonsuicidal self-injury among adolescents in China.","volume":"3","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(11)61141-0","article-title":"The natural history of self-harm from adolescence to young adulthood: a population-based cohort study.","volume":"379","author":"Moran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18115965","article-title":"Gender differences in the prevalence of and factors related to non-suicidal self-injury among middle and high school students in South Korea.","volume":"18","author":"Jeong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.04.124","article-title":"The relationship between family functioning and non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents: a structural equation modeling analysis.","volume":"309","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11051218","article-title":"Psychopathological and interactive-relational characteristics in non-suicidal self-injury adolescent outpatients.","volume":"11","author":"Miscioscia","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1023348","article-title":"Borderline personality disorder traits and mentalising ability: the self-other social cognition paradox.","volume":"13","author":"Kelly Grealy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00267","article-title":"Differential neural processing of social exclusion and inclusion in adolescents with non-suicidal self-injury and young adults with borderline personality disorder.","volume":"8","author":"Brown","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-016-0142-3","article-title":"Temperament and character traits in female adolescents with nonsuicidal self-injury disorder with and without comorbid borderline personality disorder.","volume":"11","author":"Tschan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.2147\/nss.S295030","article-title":"Insomnia in patients with borderline personality disorder.","volume":"13","author":"Vanek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13269","article-title":"Determining the key childhood and adolescent risk factors for future bpd symptoms using regularized regression: comparison to depression and conduct disorder.","volume":"62","author":"Beeney","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2020.12.007","article-title":"Self-harm in the context of borderline personality disorder.","volume":"37","author":"Reichl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2020.110380","article-title":"Predictors of nonsuicidal self-injury: the independent contribution of benign masochism and antisocial personality.","volume":"168","author":"Sagioglou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Personal Individ Differ."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1080\/10503307.2016.1252865","article-title":"What changes when? the course of improvement during a stage-based treatment for suicidal and self-injuring women with borderline personality disorder and Ptsd.","volume":"28","author":"Harned","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychother Res."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.09081213","article-title":"Impact of co-occurring posttraumatic stress disorder on suicidal women with borderline personality disorder.","volume":"167","author":"Harned","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2018.05.013","article-title":"Personality, school, and family: what is their role in adolescents\u2019 subjective well-being.","volume":"67","author":"Lampropoulou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Adolesc."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.3967\/bes2018.049","article-title":"Subjective well-being and family functioning among adolescents left behind by migrating parents in Jiangxi province.","volume":"31","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"China. Biomed Environ Sci."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.06.001","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder and the developing adolescent brain.","volume":"89","author":"Cisler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223038","article-title":"Parenting and personality disorder: an overview and meta-synthesis of systematic reviews.","volume":"14","author":"Steele","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1152352\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]],"date-time":"2023-06-15T05:07:52Z","timestamp":1686805672000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1152352\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1152352"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1152352","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]]},"article-number":"1152352"}}