{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T10:11:59Z","timestamp":1781518319687,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Symptoms of depression are present in neurodegenerative disorders (ND). It is important that depression-related symptoms be adequately screened and monitored in persons living with ND. The Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self-Report (QIDS-SR) is a widely-used self-report measure to assess and monitor depressive severity across different patient populations. However, the measurement properties of the QIDS-SR have not been assessed in ND.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To use Rasch Measurement Theory to assess the measurement properties of the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self-Report (QIDS-SR) in ND and in comparison to major depressive disorder (MDD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>De-identified data from the Ontario Neurodegenerative Disease Research Initiative (NCT04104373) and Canadian Biomarker Integration Network in Depression (NCT01655706) were used in the analyses. Five hundred and twenty participants with ND (Alzheimer\u2019s disease or mild cognitive impairment, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, cerebrovascular disease, frontotemporal dementia and Parkinson\u2019s disease) and 117 participants with major depressive disorder (MDD) were administered the QIDS-SR. Rasch Measurement Theory was used to assess measurement properties of the QIDS-SR, including unidimensionality and item-level fit, category ordering, item targeting, person separation index and reliability and differential item functioning.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The QIDS-SR fit well to the Rasch model in ND and MDD, including unidimensionality, satisfactory category ordering and goodness-of-fit. Item-person measures (Wright maps) showed gaps in item difficulties, suggesting poor precision for persons falling between those severity levels. Differences between mean person and item measures in the ND cohort logits suggest that QIDS-SR items target more severe depression than experienced by the ND cohort. Some items showed differential item functioning between cohorts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study supports the use of the QIDS-SR in MDD and suggest that the QIDS-SR can be also used to screen for depressive symptoms in persons with ND. However, gaps in item targeting were noted that suggests that the QIDS-SR cannot differentiate participants falling within certain severity levels. Future studies would benefit from examination in a more severely depressed ND cohort, including those with diagnosed clinical depression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1154519","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T14:40:27Z","timestamp":1685716827000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Rasch analyses of the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self-Report in neurodegenerative and major depressive disorders"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Anthony L.","family":"Vaccarino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra E.","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Gilbert Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benicio N.","family":"Frey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mojib","family":"Javadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sidney H.","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond W.","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca","family":"Lasalandra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Martens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Masellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roumen","family":"Milev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas P.","family":"Munoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alana","family":"Sparks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard H.","family":"Swartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudolf","family":"Uher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth R.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.04.002","article-title":"Depression in neurodegenerative diseases: common mechanisms and current treatment options","volume":"102","author":"Galts","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.14713","article-title":"Depression case finding in individuals with dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"65","author":"Goodarzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2018.03.009","article-title":"Effects of depression and anxiety on quality of life in five common neurological disorders","volume":"52","author":"Prisnie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002671","article-title":"Depression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"86","author":"Roos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"RRN1262","DOI":"10.1371\/currents.RRN1262","article-title":"Assessment of day-to-day functioning in prodromal and early Huntington disease","volume":"3","author":"Vaccarino","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Currents"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.816465","article-title":"Common data elements to facilitate sharing and re-use of participant-level data: assessment of psychiatric comorbidity across brain disorders","volume":"13","author":"Vaccarino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psych"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14822","article-title":"Somatic symptoms have negligible impact on patient health Questionnaire-9 depression scale scores in neurological patients","volume":"28","author":"Katzan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21333","article-title":"Depression rating scales in Parkinson's disease: critique and recommendations","volume":"22","author":"Schrag","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1080\/13854040802003299","article-title":"Assessment of depression in three medically ill, elderly populations: Alzheimer\u2019s disease, Parkinson\u2019s disease, and stroke","volume":"23","author":"Strober","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000000748","article-title":"Validity of the patient health Questionnaire-9 in neurologic populations","volume":"10","author":"Williams","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol Clin Prac"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01866-8","article-title":"The 16-item quick inventory of depressive symptomatology (QIDS), clinician rating (QIDS-C), and self-report (QIDS-SR): a psychometric evaluation in patients with chronic major depression","volume":"54","author":"Rush","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)60467-X","article-title":"The quick inventory of depressive symptomatology-self-report: a psychometric evaluation in patients with asthma and major depressive disorder","volume":"100","author":"Brown","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2013.01.019","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the quick inventory of depressive symptomatology (QIDS-SR) in UK primary care","volume":"47","author":"Cameron","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2009.01531.x","article-title":"Diagnostic utility of the quick inventory of depressive symptomatology (QIDS-C16 and QIDS-SR16) in the elderly","volume":"122","author":"Doraiswamy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2009.03.016","article-title":"Validation of depression screening scales in patients with CKD","volume":"54","author":"Hedayati","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2009.12.002","article-title":"Using the QIDS-SR16 to identify major depressive disorder in primary care medical patients","volume":"41","author":"Lamoureux","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav Ther"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.686711","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the quick inventory of depressive symptomatology\u2014self-report scale in older adults with depressive symptoms","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psych"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.09.051","article-title":"Could the quick inventory of depressive symptomatology-self-report (QIDS-SR) be used in depressed schizophrenia patients?","volume":"172","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291703001107","article-title":"The inventory of depressive symptomatology, clinician rating (IDS-C) and self-report (IDS-SR), and the quick inventory depressive symptomatology, clinician rating (QIDS-C) and self-report (QIDS-SR) in public sector patients with mood disorders: a psychometric evaluation","volume":"34","author":"Trivedi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1586\/erp.11.59","article-title":"Rating scales and Rasch measurement","volume":"11","author":"Andrich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.4066\/AMJ.2012.952","article-title":"Scale construction utilising the Rasch unidimensional measurement model: a measurement of adolescent attitudes towards abortion","volume":"5","author":"Hendriks","year":"2012","journal-title":"Australas Med J"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31219\/osf.io\/3htzc","article-title":"Valid and reliable? Basic and Expanded Recommendations for Psychometric Reporting and Quality Assessment","author":"Johansson","year":"2023","journal-title":"OSF"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2014.10.005","article-title":"Using classical test theory, item response theory, and Rasch measurement theory to evaluate patient-reported outcome measures: a comparison of worked examples","volume":"18","author":"Petrillo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.4066\/AMJ.2011.755","article-title":"Rasch analysis on OSCE data: an illustrative example","volume":"4","author":"Tor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Australas Med J"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"30","article-title":"The depression inventory development scale: assessment of psychometric properties using classical and modern measurement theory in a CAN-BIND trial","volume":"17","author":"Vaccarino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Innov Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"rm4","DOI":"10.1187\/cbe.16-04-0148","article-title":"Rasch analysis for instrument development: why, when, and how? CBE life","volume":"15","author":"Boone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Educ"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2014.36","article-title":"The Ontario Brain Institute: completing the circle","volume":"41","author":"Stuss","year":"2014","journal-title":"Canad J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4615","article-title":"From silos to systems: an integrated approach to neuroscience innovation","volume":"14","author":"Stuss","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2018.00028","article-title":"Brain-CODE: a secure neuroinformatics platform for management, federation, sharing and analysis of multi-dimensional neuroscience data","volume":"12","author":"Vaccarino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neuroinform"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2016.415","article-title":"The Ontario neurodegenerative disease research initiative (ONDRI)","volume":"44","author":"Farhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12632","article-title":"Characteristics of the Ontario neurodegenerative disease research initiative cohort","volume":"19","author":"Sunderland","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18m12202","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.18m12202","article-title":"Symptomatic and functional outcomes and early prediction of response to escitalopram monotherapy and sequential adjunctive aripiprazole therapy in patients with major depressive disorder: a CAN-BIND-1 report","volume":"80","author":"Kennedy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-016-0785-x","article-title":"Discovering biomarkers for antidepressant response: protocol from the Canadian biomarker integration network in depression (CAN-BIND) and clinical characteristics of the first patient cohort","volume":"16","author":"Lam","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2019.02.01","article-title":"Comparison of the usefulness of the PHQ-8 and PHQ-9 for screening for major depressive disorder: analysis of psychiatric outpatient data","volume":"16","author":"Shin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2022.03.013","article-title":"Rasch reporting guideline for rehabilitation research (RULER): the RULER statement","volume":"103","author":"Mallinson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1177\/0163278716644954","article-title":"Rasch analysis and differential item functioning of a social support measure in jail inmates with HIV infection","volume":"40","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eval Health Prof"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.3102\/10769986004003207","article-title":"Unifactor latent trait models applied to multifactor tests: results and implications","volume":"4","author":"Reckase","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Educ Stat"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1177\/014662168400800201","article-title":"Effects of local item dependence on the fit and equating performance of the three-parameter logistic model","volume":"8","author":"Yen","year":"1984","journal-title":"Appl Psychol Meas"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"370","article-title":"Reasonable mean-square fit values","volume":"8","author":"Wright","year":"1994","journal-title":"Rasch Meas Transact"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-6857-4","volume-title":"Rasch analysis in the human sciences","author":"Boone","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S271987","article-title":"Construct validity and differential item functioning of the PHQ-9 among health care workers: Rasch analysis approach","volume":"17","author":"Jiraniramai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.5.405","article-title":"Sex differences in the prevalence and detection of depressive and anxiety disorders in general health care settings: report from the World Health Organization collaborative study on psychological problems in general health care","volume":"55","author":"Gater","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002","article-title":"Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey","volume":"51","author":"Kessler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000102","article-title":"Gender differences in depression in representative national samples: meta-analyses of diagnoses and symptoms","volume":"143","author":"Salk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"00015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cptl.2023.02.015","article-title":"Using Rasch measurement for instrument rating scale refinement","author":"Peeters","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Teach Learn"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"65132","article-title":"Food and Drug Administration. Guidance for industry. Patient-reported outcome measures: use in medical product development to support labeling claims","volume":"74","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fed Reg"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"20","article-title":"The depression inventory development workgroup: a collaborative, empirically driven initiative to develop a new assessment tool for major depressive disorder","volume":"13","author":"Vaccarino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Innov Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2003.11.003","article-title":"An item response analysis of the Hamilton depression rating scale using shared data from two pharmaceutical companies","volume":"38","author":"Evans","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.01.007","article-title":"Weight change and appetite disturbance as symptoms of adolescent depression: toward an integrative biopsychosocial model","volume":"29","author":"Maxwell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"37","article-title":"Weight gain and antidepressants","volume":"61","author":"Fava","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"S2","article-title":"Depression in Parkinson's disease: impediments to recognition and treatment options","volume":"52","author":"Poewe","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2011.569482","article-title":"Validity of the PHQ-2 for the screening of major depression in Parkinson\u2019s disease: two questions and one important answer","volume":"15","author":"Chagas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aging Ment Health"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1389","article-title":"Somatic symptoms of depression in elderly patients with medical comorbidities","volume":"20","author":"Drayer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.111.095950","article-title":"Phenomenology of depression in older compared with younger adults: Meta-analysis","volume":"200","author":"Hegeman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2005.09.010","article-title":"Improving outcomes in depression: a focus on somatic symptoms","volume":"60","author":"McIntyre","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2008.01.009","article-title":"Prevalence and association of somatic symptoms in patients with major depressive disorder","volume":"110","author":"Vaccarino","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igaa057.510","article-title":"Impact of cognitive functioning and age on patient-reported outcomes in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"4","author":"Gruber-Baldini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Innov Aging"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1154519\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T14:40:34Z","timestamp":1685716834000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1154519\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1154519"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1154519","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]]},"article-number":"1154519"}}