{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T04:47:17Z","timestamp":1790484437599,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]],"date-time":"2023-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Insomniacs are heterogenous group with very diverse personalities. We aimed to investigate the mediating role of sleep reactivity (SR), sleep hygiene (SH), and sleep effort (SE) in the relationship between Type D personality and insomnia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a cross-sectional survey among 474 participants. The survey comprised the sociodemographic data form, Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), D Type Personality Scale (DS-14), Ford Insomnia Response to Stress Test (FIRST), Glasgow Sleep Effort Scale (GSES), and Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI). We conducted hierarchical multiple regression analysis to identify the associations between age, sex, SR, Type D personality traits, SE, SH, and insomnia severity. We subsequently conducted mediation analyses to examine whether SR, SH, and SE mediated the relationship between Type D personality and insomnia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>ISI, DS-14, FIRST, SHI, and GSES scores were significantly higher in individuals with Type D personality. Female sex, SR, Type D personality traits, SE, and SH explained 45% of the variance in insomnia severity. When age, sex, insomnia response to stress, and Type D personality traits were controlled, SE and SH significantly explained 25% of the variance in insomnia severity (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> =\u20090.45, <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> change\u2009=\u20090.25, <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic> (6.474)\u2009=\u200965.58, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;\u20090.001). SR, SE, and SH each played a partial mediating role between Type D personality and insomnia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings showed that individuals with Type D personality had high SR and that individuals with a higher number of these personality traits exhibited more severe insomnia symptoms through high SR, greater SE, and worse SH.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1160772","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]],"date-time":"2023-04-11T06:02:14Z","timestamp":1681192934000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Type D personality to insomnia: Sleep reactivity, sleep effort, and sleep hygiene as mediators"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Omer Faruk","family":"Uygur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oli","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilal","family":"Uygur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aynur","family":"Bahar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Onur","family":"Hursitoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seockhoon","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher L.","family":"Drake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1478","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.12m07954","article-title":"The daytime impact of DSM-5 insomnia disorder: comparative analysis of insomnia subtypes from the great British sleep survey","volume":"73","author":"Espie","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Psyc"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.08.008","article-title":"Epidemiology of insomnia: prevalence, self-help treatments, consultations, and determinants of help-seeking behaviors","volume":"7","author":"Morin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1207\/S15402010BSM0104_5","article-title":"Insomnia as a health risk factor","volume":"1","author":"Taylor","year":"2003","journal-title":"Behav Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref4","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/30.3.263","article-title":"The direct and indirect costs of untreated insomnia in adults in the United States","volume":"30","author":"Ozminkowski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13604","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13604","article-title":"Insomnia disorder: state of the science and challenges for the future","volume":"31","author":"Riemann","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00879-0","article-title":"Insomnia","volume":"400","author":"Perlis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(18)30532-X","article-title":"A behavioral perspective on insomnia treatment","volume":"10","author":"Spielman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1097\/01.psy.0000149256.81953.49","article-title":"DS14: standard assessment of negative affectivity, social inhibition, and type D personality","volume":"67","author":"Denollet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1080\/08870446.2012.667098","article-title":"Type D personality, physical symptoms and subjective stress: the mediating effects of coping and social support","volume":"27","author":"Williams","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol Health"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-8-9","article-title":"Type D personality in the general population: a systematic review of health status, mechanisms of disease, and work-related problems","volume":"8","author":"Mols","year":"2010","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2013.02.008","article-title":"The distressed (type D) and five-factor models of personality in young, healthy adults and their association with emotional inhibition and distress","volume":"55","author":"Svansdottir","year":"2013","journal-title":"Personal Individ Differ"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa6802_2","article-title":"Assessment of the five-factor model of personality","volume":"68","author":"Widiger","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2009.07.007","article-title":"The role of personality traits in insomnia","volume":"14","author":"Van de Laar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2008.12.017","article-title":"Personality vulnerability to stress-related sleep disruption: pathways to adverse mental and physical health outcomes","volume":"46","author":"Williams","year":"2009","journal-title":"Personal Individ Differ"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1080\/08870440290025858","article-title":"Type D personality: a five-factor model perspective","volume":"17","author":"De Fruyt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol Health"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2012.11.011","article-title":"Type D personality is associated with sleep problems in adolescents. Results from a population-based cohort study of Swedish adolescents","volume":"74","author":"Cond\u00e9n","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2018.04.005","article-title":"The relationship between type D personality and insomnia","volume":"4","author":"Akram","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Health"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S138823","article-title":"Hyperarousal and sleep reactivity in insomnia: current insights","volume":"17","author":"Kalmbach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/27.2.285","article-title":"Vulnerability to stress-related sleep disturbance and hyperarousal","volume":"27","author":"Drake","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/15402002.2022.2093880","article-title":"Differences in treatment effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia based on sleep reactivity: a preliminary study","volume":"27","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Behav Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2005.00481.x","article-title":"Towards a valid, reliable measure of sleep effort","volume":"14","author":"Broomfield","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.06.022","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Glasgow sleep effort scale","volume":"98","author":"Uygur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.3200\/JACH.54.4.231-237","article-title":"Development and evaluation of the sleep treatment and education program for students (STEPS)","volume":"54","author":"Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Coll Health"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2015.02.001","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the sleep hygiene index in clinical and non-clinical samples","volume":"59","author":"Ozdemir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105315622557","article-title":"Type D personality and physical inactivity: the mediating effects of low self-efficacy","volume":"22","author":"Wiencierz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Health Psychol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2148","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105315571977","article-title":"Health behaviour mediates the relationship between type D personality and subjective health in the general population","volume":"21","author":"Williams","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Health Psychol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-010-9120-y","article-title":"Coping mediates the association between type D personality and perceived health in Chinese patients with coronary heart disease","volume":"18","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Behav Med"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-011-9351-7","article-title":"Evidence for a cognitive bias of interpretation toward threat in individuals with a type D personality","volume":"35","author":"Grynberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Behav Med"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-3999(02)00553-6","article-title":"Type D personality is related to cardiovascular and neuroendocrine reactivity to acute stress","volume":"55","author":"Habra","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/07448480109596017","article-title":"Sleep habits and patterns of college students: a preliminary study","volume":"50","author":"Buboltz","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Coll Health"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2010.483708","article-title":"The prevalence of sleep disorders in college students: impact on academic performance","volume":"59","author":"Gaultney","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Coll Health"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5455\/jmood.20120307062608","article-title":"A preliminary psychometric evaluation of the type D personality construct in Turkish hemodialysis patients","volume":"2","author":"Al\u00e7elik","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Mood Disord"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/s1389-9457(00)00065-4","article-title":"Validation of the insomnia severity index as an outcome measure for insomnia research","volume":"2","author":"Bastien","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"248","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the insomnia severity index in Turkish sample","volume":"11","author":"Boysan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anatolian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S398489","article-title":"Adaptation and Validation of the Turkish Version of the Ford Insomnia Response to Stress Test in University Students","volume":"15","author":"Uygur","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-006-9047-6","article-title":"Assessment of sleep hygiene using the sleep hygiene index","volume":"29","author":"Mastin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Behav Med"},{"key":"ref38","volume-title":"Regression Methods in Biostatistics: Linear, Logistic, Survival, and Repeated Measures Models","author":"Vittinghoff","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-017-0584-6","article-title":"Confounding and collinearity in regression analysis: a cautionary tale and an alternative procedure, illustrated by studies of British voting behaviour","volume":"52","author":"Johnston","year":"2018","journal-title":"Qual Quant"},{"key":"ref40","volume-title":"Methodology in the Social Sciences. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach","author":"Hayes","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr3901_4","article-title":"Confidence limits for the indirect effect: distribution of the product and resampling methods","volume":"39","author":"Mackinnon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Multivariate Behav Res"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.51.6.1173","article-title":"The moderator\u2013mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations","volume":"51","author":"Baron","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105314544132","article-title":"Effects of lifetime stress exposure on mental and physical health in young adulthood: how stress degrades and forgiveness protects health","volume":"21","author":"Toussaint","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Health Psychol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626945","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.626945","article-title":"Personality type D, level of perceived stress, insomnia, and depression among high school teachers in Poland","volume":"12","author":"Domagalska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.193","article-title":"Insomnia","volume":"309","author":"Buysse","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.12667","article-title":"Does type D personality affect symptom control and quality of life in asthma patients?","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1053\/smrv.2002.0186","article-title":"Epidemiology of insomnia: what we know and what we still need to learn","volume":"6","author":"Ohayon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e01939","article-title":"Anxiety and depression mediate the relationship between insomnia symptoms and the personality traits of conscientiousness and emotional stability","volume":"5","author":"Akram","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1080\/19338244.2021.1952152","article-title":"The effect of type D personality on anxiety, depression and fear of COVID-19 disease in healthcare workers","volume":"77","author":"Tuman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Environ Occup Health"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1160772\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]],"date-time":"2023-04-11T06:02:20Z","timestamp":1681192940000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1160772\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1160772"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1160772","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]]},"article-number":"1160772"}}