{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T01:59:56Z","timestamp":1773539996709,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]],"date-time":"2023-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Self-reported subjective cognitive difficulties (subjective deficits) and rumination are central residual cognitive symptoms following major depressive disorder (MDD). These are risk factors for more a severe course of illness, and despite the considerable relapse risk of MDD, few interventions target the remitted phase, a high-risk period for developing new episodes. Online distribution of interventions could help close this gap. Computerized working memory training (CWMT) shows promising results, but findings are inconclusive regarding which symptoms improve following this intervention, and its long-term effects. This study reports results from a longitudinal open-label two-year follow-up pilot-study of self-reported cognitive residual symptoms following 25 sessions (40\u2009min), five times a week of a digitally delivered CWMT intervention. Ten of 29 patients remitted from MDD completed two-year follow-up assessment. Significant large improvements in self-reported cognitive functioning on the behavior rating inventory of executive function-adult version appeared after two-years (<jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.98), but no significant improvements were found in rumination (<jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.308) measured by the ruminative responses scale. The former showed moderate non-significant associations to improvement in CWMT both post-intervention (<jats:italic>r\u2009=<\/jats:italic> 0.575) and at two-year follow-up (<jats:italic>r\u2009=<\/jats:italic> 0.308). Strengths in the study included a comprehensive intervention and long follow-up time. Limitations were small sample and no control group. No significant differences between completers and drop-outs were found, however, attrition effects cannot be ruled out and demand characteristics could influence findings. Results suggested lasting improvements in self-reported cognitive functioning following online CWMT. Controlled studies with larger samples should replicate these promising preliminary findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1163073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]],"date-time":"2023-06-05T05:22:47Z","timestamp":1685942567000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Improvement in self-reported cognitive functioning but not in rumination following online working memory training in a two-year follow-up study of remitted major depressive disorder"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Eivind Haga","family":"Ronold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunniva Brurok","family":"Myklebost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c5sa","family":"Hammar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02143-7","article-title":"Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"398","author":"Santomauro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-03793-7","article-title":"Incremental burden of relapse in patients with major depressive disorder: a real-world, retrospective cohort study using claims data","volume":"22","author":"Touya","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.12084su1c.02","article-title":"Residual symptoms and relapse: mood, cognitive symptoms, and sleep disturbances","volume":"74","author":"Zajecka","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2018.07.005","article-title":"Risk factors for relapse and recurrence of depression in adults and how they operate: a four-phase systematic review and meta-synthesis","volume":"64","author":"Buckman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30291-3","article-title":"Cognitive function following a major depressive episode: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Semkovska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2021.114374","article-title":"Subjective cognition in adults with common psychiatric classifications; 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