{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T21:37:06Z","timestamp":1792273026265,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]],"date-time":"2023-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The large-scale disruption to peoples\u2019 daily lives during the COVID-19 pandemic provides a context for examining whether use of substances such as psychedelics in a naturalistic (outside of a controlled environment) setting, is associated with better mental wellbeing and resilience relative to those who use other drugs, or who do not use drugs at all. We interrogate data from the Great British Intelligence Test and identify that 7.8% out of <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200930,598 unique respondents used recreational drugs inclusive of psychedelics, cannabis, cocaine, and MDMA during the COVID-19 pandemic. Recruitment materials did not mention drug use would be surveyed, thereby enabling us to model the relationship with mood and resilience in people who had not specifically self-selected themselves for a \u2018drug\u2019 study. We report that people form clusters, characterized by different real-world patterns of drug use, and the majority of psychedelics users also use cannabis. However, a subset of cannabis users do not use psychedelics, enabling a subtractive comparison. Those who primarily used psychedelics and cannabis during the COVID-19 pandemic had worse mood self-assessment and resilience scores compared to those who never used drugs or primarily used cannabis. This pattern was also evident for other recreational drug use clusters, except for those who primarily used MDMA and cannabis, who had better mood but were of too low incidence to have confidence in this estimate. These findings cast light on the significant differences in mental wellbeing between users of different drugs and the non-user population during a global-crisis and call for future research to explore the pharmacological, contextual and cultural variables associated with these differences, their generalisability and causal links with greater precision.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1184681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]],"date-time":"2023-06-15T04:32:11Z","timestamp":1686803531000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Associations between the use of psychedelics and other recreational drugs with mental health and resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"B\u0103l\u0103e\u021b","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Trender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Hellyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Hampshire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700742","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.700742","article-title":"Effects of physical activity and mindfulness on resilience and depression during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"12","author":"Antonini Philippe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4111","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24365-5","article-title":"Associations between dimensions of behaviour, personality traits, and mental-health during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom","volume":"12","author":"Hampshire","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664808","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.664808","article-title":"Psychological distress, social support, coping style, and perceived stress among medical staff and medical students in the early stages of the COVID-19 epidemic in China","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psych"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2021.10.864","article-title":"The impact of the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic on stress resilience and mental health: a critical review across waves","volume":"55","author":"Manchia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/aphw.12394","article-title":"The relationship between leisure activities and mental health: the impact of resilience and COVID-19","volume":"15","author":"Takiguchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl Psychol Health Well Being"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2022.152298","article-title":"Item-level analysis of mental health symptom trajectories during the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK: associations with age, sex and pre-existing psychiatric conditions","volume":"114","author":"Hampshire","year":"2022","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24510","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-04336-y","article-title":"The mediating role of resilience in the effects of physical exercise on college students\u2019 negative emotions during the COVID-19 epidemic","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106532","article-title":"Drinking to cope with the pandemic: The unique associations of COVID-19-related perceived threat and psychological distress to drinking behaviors in American men and women","volume":"10","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addictive behaviors"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.3278","article-title":"Effects of Cannabis use on human behavior, including cognition, motivation, and psychosis: a review","volume":"73","author":"Volkow","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00700","article-title":"New trends of substance abuse during COVID-19 pandemic: an international perspective","volume":"11","author":"Zaami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psych"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1017\/ipm.2020.47","article-title":"Addiction psychiatry and COVID-19: impact on patients and service provision","volume":"37","author":"Columb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ir J Psychol Med"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e049209","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-049209","article-title":"Youth in a pandemic: a longitudinal examination of youth mental health and substance use concerns during COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Hawke","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"Drug misuse in England and Wales-office for national statistics","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2018.11.010","article-title":"Classic psychedelics: an integrative review of epidemiology, therapeutics, mystical experience, and brain network function","volume":"197","author":"Johnson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61138-0","article-title":"Extent of illicit drug use and dependence, and their contribution to the global burden of disease","volume":"379","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.2132","article-title":"Epidemiology of DSM-5 drug use disorder: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions-III","volume":"73","author":"Grant","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2021.113894","article-title":"Neurotoxicity of MDMA: main effects and mechanisms","volume":"347","author":"Costa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2032994","article-title":"Trial of psilocybin versus escitalopram for depression","volume":"384","author":"Carhart-Harris","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881116675513","article-title":"Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threatening cancer: a randomized double-blind trial","volume":"30","author":"Griffiths","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01336-3","article-title":"MDMA-assisted therapy for severe PTSD: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study","volume":"27","author":"Mitchell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2012.04.012","article-title":"The impact of comorbid cannabis and methamphetamine use on mental health among regular ecstasy users","volume":"37","author":"Scott","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-019-00986-2","article-title":"Cannabis use and mental health: risks and benefits","volume":"269","author":"Hall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2022.2096","article-title":"Percentage of heavy drinking days following psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy vs placebo in the treatment of adult patients with alcohol use disorder: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"79","author":"Bogenschutz","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881114548296","article-title":"Pilot study of the 5-HT 2A R agonist psilocybin in the treatment of tobacco addiction","volume":"28","author":"Johnson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v67n1110","article-title":"Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of psilocybin in 9 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"67","author":"Moreno","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1021\/acsptsci.1c00018","article-title":"Naturalistic use of mescaline is associated with self-reported psychiatric improvements and enduring positive life changes","volume":"4","author":"Agin-Liebes","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2018.1545024","article-title":"5-methoxy- N, N -dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) used in a naturalistic group setting is associated with unintended improvements in depression and anxiety","volume":"45","author":"Davis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1918477117","article-title":"Transformative experience and social connectedness mediate the mood-enhancing effects of psychedelic use in naturalistic settings","volume":"117","author":"Forstmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13348","article-title":"Associations between ayahuasca consumption in naturalistic settings and current alcohol and drug use: results of a large international cross-sectional survey","volume":"41","author":"Perkins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2019.1683260","article-title":"Psychedelic microdosing: a Subreddit analysis","volume":"52","author":"Lea","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81446-7","article-title":"Positive expectations predict improved mental-health outcomes linked to psychedelic microdosing","volume":"11","author":"Kaertner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e62878","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.62878","article-title":"Self-blinding citizen science to explore psychedelic microdosing","volume":"10","author":"Szigeti","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2022.2040029","article-title":"Latent classes of substance use in Young adults \u2013 a systematic review","volume":"57","author":"de Jonge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.3928\/0048-5713-20020901-06","article-title":"The PHQ-9: a new depression diagnostic and severity measure","volume":"32","author":"Kroenke","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychiatr Ann"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7","volume":"166","author":"Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"102","article-title":"The big-five trait taxonomy: history, measurement, and theoretical perspectives","volume-title":"Handbook of personality: theory and research","author":"John","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10731911221149083","DOI":"10.1177\/10731911221149083","article-title":"Measuring compulsivity as a self-reported multidimensional Transdiagnostic construct: large-scale (N = 182,000) validation of the Cambridge\u2013Chicago compulsivity trait scale","author":"Tiego","year":"2023","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"Why 70\/30 or 80\/20 relation between training and testing sets: a pedagogical explanation","author":"Gholamy","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref39","volume-title":"Factor-analyzer","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"92","volume-title":"Statsmodels: econometric and statistical modeling with Python","author":"Seabold","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref41","article-title":"Great British intelligence test Protocol, 02 September 2020, Protocol","author":"Hampshire","year":""},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.22237\/jmasm\/1257035100","article-title":"New effect size rules of thumb","volume":"8","author":"Sawilowsky","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Mod App Stat Meth"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811221101061","article-title":"Antidepressant effects of a psychedelic experience in a large prospective naturalistic sample","volume":"36","author":"Nygart","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1037\/cap0000338","article-title":"Acute and enduring effects of naturalistic psychedelic use among indigenous peoples in Canada and the United States","volume":"63","author":"de la Salle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can Psychol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831092","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.831092","article-title":"Effects of naturalistic psychedelic use on depression, anxiety, and well-being: associations with patterns of use, reported harms, and transformative mental states","volume":"13","author":"Raison","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psych"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687615","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.687615","article-title":"Ceremonial Ayahuasca in Amazonian retreats-mental health and epigenetic outcomes from a six-month naturalistic study","volume":"12","author":"Ruffell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psych"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883869","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.883869","article-title":"Decreases in state and trait anxiety post-psilocybin: a naturalistic, observational study among retreat attendees","volume":"13","author":"Kiraga","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psych"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1556\/2054.2021.00172","article-title":"Lifetime use of psychedelics is associated with better mental health indicators during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"5","author":"Cavanna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Psychedelic Studies"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11091","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-14512-3","article-title":"Psilocybin microdosers demonstrate greater observed improvements in mood and mental health at one month relative to non-microdosing controls","volume":"12","author":"Rootman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732028","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.732028","article-title":"Psychedelic experiences during the early COVID-19 pandemic: findings from an international online survey","volume":"12","author":"Evens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psych"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3390\/psychoactives1010003","article-title":"Tripping to cope: coping strategies and use of hallucinogens during the COVID-19 pandemic in three cultural contexts","volume":"1","author":"Ona","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychoactives"},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"40","article-title":"Psychedelics and mental health: an alternative strategy to treat mental impairments triggered or aggravated by COVID-19","volume":"28","author":"Bruno","year":"2022","journal-title":"Altern Ther Health Med"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687546","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.687546","article-title":"Cross-sectional associations between lifetime use of psychedelic drugs and psychometric measures during the COVID-19 confinement: a transcultural study","volume":"12","author":"R\u00e9v\u00e9sz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psych"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780696","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.780696","article-title":"Psychedelic mushrooms in the USA: knowledge, patterns of use, and association with health outcomes","volume":"12","author":"Matzopoulos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psych"},{"key":"ref55","article-title":"Drugs, set & suggestibility. In annual meeting of the American Psychological Association","author":"Leary","year":"1961"},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"15","article-title":"Theoretical and empirical basis of transpersonal psychology and psychotherapy: observations from LSD research","volume":"5","author":"Grof","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Transpers Psychol"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881118754710","article-title":"Psychedelics and the essential importance of context","volume":"32","author":"Carhart-Harris","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2050324516683325","DOI":"10.1177\/2050324516683325","article-title":"Constructing drug effects: a history of set and setting","volume":"3","author":"Hartogsohn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Sci Policy Law"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2021_298","article-title":"Effects of setting on psychedelic experiences, therapies, and outcomes: a rapid scoping review of the literature","volume-title":"Disruptive psychopharmacology. Current topics in behavioral neurosciences","author":"Golden","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00897","article-title":"Predicting responses to psychedelics: a prospective study","volume":"9","author":"Haijen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1556\/2054.2022.00238","article-title":"Willingness to participate in entheogen use research in naturalistic settings","volume":"7","author":"Kirk","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Psychedelic Stud"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/dv8sx","article-title":"Dark loops: contagion effects, consistency and chemosocial matrices in psychedelic-assisted therapy trials","author":"Noorani","year":"2023","journal-title":"PsyArXiv"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104706","article-title":"The emerging science of microdosing: a systematic review of research on low dose psychedelics (1955\u20132021) and recommendations for the field","volume":"139","author":"Polito","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2021.100098","article-title":"Ayahuasca use and reported effects on depression and anxiety symptoms: an international cross-sectional study of 11,912 consumers","volume":"4","author":"Sarris","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1089\/psymed.2022.0008","article-title":"Proposed consensus statement on defining psychedelic drugs","volume":"1","author":"Nichols","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychedelic Medicine"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2017.0056","article-title":"Exploring the link between substance use and mental health status: what can we learn from the self-medication theory?","volume":"28","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2022.103582","article-title":"No party, no drugs? Use of stimulants, dissociative drugs, and GHB\/GBL during the early COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"102","author":"Bendau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1177\/17456916211055369","article-title":"Toward a new science of psychedelic social psychology: the effects of MDMA (ecstasy) on social connection","volume":"17","author":"Lyubomirsky","year":"2022","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1037\/10248-001","article-title":"Comparative epidemiology of dependence on tobacco, alcohol, controlled substances, and inhalants: basic findings from the national comorbidity survey","volume-title":"Addictive behaviors: readings on etiology, prevention, and treatment","author":"Anthony","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881119841569","article-title":"The Australian drug harms ranking study","volume":"33","author":"Bonomo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2004.00744.x","article-title":"Comparison of acute lethal toxicity of commonly abused psychoactive substances","volume":"99","author":"Gable","year":"2004","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8126","DOI":"10.1038\/srep08126","article-title":"Comparative risk assessment of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and other illicit drugs using the margin of exposure approach","volume":"5","author":"Lachenmeier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.11.004","article-title":"Probability and predictors of transition from first use to dependence on nicotine, alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine: results of the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions (NESARC)","volume":"115","author":"Lopez-Quintero","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61462-6","article-title":"Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis","volume":"376","author":"Nutt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2050324520904540","DOI":"10.1177\/2050324520904540","article-title":"Percentages of problem drug use and their implications for policy making: a review of the literature","volume":"6","author":"Schlag","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Sci, Policy Law"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881115581980","article-title":"European rating of drug harms","volume":"29","author":"van Amsterdam","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2014.01.003","article-title":"Using population screening for recruitment of young adults engaged in illicit drug use: methodological issues and sampling outcomes","volume":"45","author":"Smirnov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc Sci Res"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2021.113894","article-title":"Neurotoxicity of MDMA: main effects and mechanisms","volume":"347","author":"Costa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1177\/13634615211036388","article-title":"The socialization of hallucinations: cultural priors, social interactions, and contextual factors in the use of psychedelics","volume":"59","author":"Dupuis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transcult Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884703","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.884703","article-title":"Changes in mental health, wellbeing and personality following ayahuasca consumption: results of a naturalistic longitudinal study","volume":"13","author":"Perkins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1184681\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]],"date-time":"2023-06-15T04:32:19Z","timestamp":1686803539000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1184681\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]]},"references-count":80,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1184681"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1184681","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]]},"article-number":"1184681"}}