{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T18:03:11Z","timestamp":1790877791269,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61471263"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61471263"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61872267"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61872267"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U21B2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U21B2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006606","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16JCZDJC31100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16JCZDJC31100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Schizophrenia affects about 1% of the global population. In addition to the complex etiology, linking this illness to genetic, environmental, and neurobiological factors, the dynamic experiences associated with this disease, such as experiences of delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, and abnormal behaviors, limit neurological consensuses regarding mechanisms underlying this disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, we recruited 72 patients with schizophrenia and 74 healthy individuals matched by age and sex to investigate the structural brain changes that may serve as prognostic biomarkers, indicating evidence of neural dysfunction underlying schizophrenia and subsequent cognitive and behavioral deficits. We used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to determine these changes in the three tissue structures: the gray matter (GM), white matter (WM), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). For both image processing and statistical analysis, we used statistical parametric mapping (SPM).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results show that patients with schizophrenia exhibited a significant volume reduction in both GM and WM. In particular, GM volume reductions were more evident in the frontal, temporal, limbic, and parietal lobe, similarly the WM volume reductions were predominantly in the frontal, temporal, and limbic lobe. In addition, patients with schizophrenia demonstrated a significant increase in the CSF volume in the left third and lateral ventricle regions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This VBM study supports existing research showing that schizophrenia is associated with alterations in brain structure, including gray and white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid volume. These findings provide insights into the neurobiology of schizophrenia and may inform the development of more effective diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1188603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T12:50:00Z","timestamp":1684500600000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Unraveling the pathophysiology of schizophrenia: insights from structural magnetic resonance imaging studies"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mohammed Jajere","family":"Adamu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Qiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles Okanda","family":"Nyatega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayesha","family":"Younis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Halima Bello","family":"Kawuwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adamu Halilu","family":"Jabire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sani","family":"Saminu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1614.2003.01092.x","article-title":"Costs of schizophrenia and other psychoses in urban Australia: findings from the low prevalence (psychotic) disorders study","volume":"37","author":"Carr","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxn001","article-title":"Schizophrenia: a concise overview of incidence, prevalence, and mortality","volume":"30","author":"McGrath","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15067","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.67","article-title":"Schizophrenia","volume":"1","author":"Kahn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10122999","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10122999","article-title":"Integrating armchair, bench, and bedside research for behavioral neurology and neuropsychiatry: editorial","volume":"10","author":"Tanaka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed [Internet]"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2021.110393","article-title":"Genome-wide association study identified INSC gene associated with trail making test part a and Alzheimer\u2019s disease related cognitive phenotypes","volume":"111","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03496-5","article-title":"Association study between genetic variants and the risk of schizophrenia in the Chinese population based on GWAS-implicated 6p21. 3--23.1 human genome region: a case-control study","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1850","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12121850","article-title":"Gene-Environment Interactions in Schizophrenia: A Literature Review","volume":"12","author":"Wahbeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00110","article-title":"Perinatal complications and schizophrenia: involvement of the immune system","volume":"7","author":"Jenkins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Neurosci [Internet]"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-017-1475-z","article-title":"Dilemma of treating schizophrenia during pregnancy: a case series and a review of literature","volume":"17","author":"Teodorescu","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry [Internet]"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.12.033","article-title":"Prevalence and types of childhood trauma in first episode psychosis patients. 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