{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T22:19:52Z","timestamp":1791411592675,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689724800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Previous studies evaluating the morphology of the selected retinal layers in schizophrenia showed abnormalities regarding macular thickness, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNLF), and ganglion cell complex (GCC). Concurrently, accumulating neuroimaging results suggest that structural alterations of the brain in this disease might be an effect of accelerated aging. Referring to these findings, we aimed to determine whether the thinning of the retinal layers assessed with the optic coherence tomography (OCT) in a group of schizophrenia patients (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 60) presents a significant age-related decrease exceeding potential changes noted in the control group (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 61). Samples of patients and controls were divided into three age subgroups, namely, younger, middle-aged, and older participants. OCT outcomes, such as macular thickness and volume, macular RNFL, peripapillary RNFL, and GCC, were analyzed concerning a diagnosis status (controls vs. patients) and age subgroups. Additionally, associations between retinal parameters, age, and selected cognitive functions were evaluated. <jats:italic>post-hoc<\/jats:italic> tests revealed that macular thickness and volume in patients undergo significant age-dependent thinning, which was not observed in the control group. Regression analyses confirmed the association between macular morphology and age. Selected speed-dependent cognitive functions in patients decreased significantly with age, and these features were also significantly associated with some OCT outcomes also after controlling for antipsychotic treatment. Our results suggest that reduced measures of retinal structure detected in schizophrenia may be an effect of accelerated aging; however, further research is needed using computational solutions derived from brain imaging studies based on large datasets covering representatives of all age groups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1207608","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T07:42:47Z","timestamp":1689752567000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Differentiation of the retinal morphology aging trajectories in schizophrenia and their associations with cognitive dysfunctions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Adam","family":"Domaga\u0142a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucyna","family":"Domaga\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Kopi\u015b-Posiej","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Harciarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Krukow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204062232090521","DOI":"10.1177\/2040622320905215","article-title":"Retinal correlates of psychiatric disorders","volume":"11","author":"Almonte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ther Adv Chronic Dis."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2018.08.003","article-title":"Correlation of spectral domain optical coherence tomography with histology and electron microscopy in the porcine retina","volume":"177","author":"Xie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2019.07.007","article-title":"Retinal ganglion cells dysfunctions in schizophrenia patients with or without visual hallucinations","volume":"219","author":"Bernardin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2006.03.001","article-title":"Retinal assessment using optical coherence tomography","volume":"25","author":"Costa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog Ret Eye Res"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbx130","article-title":"Retinal layer abnormalities as biomarkers of schizophrenia","volume":"44","author":"Samani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Bullet."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbz106","article-title":"Retinal changes in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis based on individual participant data","volume":"46","author":"Kazakos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbz029","article-title":"meta-analysis of retinal cytoarchitectural abnormalities in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder","volume":"46","author":"Lizano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Bullet."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3592","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01591-x","article-title":"Retinal layers and associated clinical factors in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Komatsu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbac085","article-title":"Mapping retinal abnormalities in psychosis: meta-analytical evidence for focal peripapillary and macular reductions","volume":"48","author":"Gonzalez-Diaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Bullet."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2020-000437","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy screening in persons with mental illness: a literature review","volume":"5","author":"Bradley","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4623","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61519-9","article-title":"Effects of hypertension, diabetes, and smoking on age and sex prediction from retinal fundus images","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-022-01455-z","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography reveals retinal thinning in schizophrenia spectrum disorders","volume":"5","author":"Boudriot","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Archi Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7785","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12534","article-title":"Retinal nerve fiber layer structure abnormalities in schizophrenia and its relationship to disease state: Evidence from optical coherence tomography","volume":"54","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inves Ophthalmol Visual Sci."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bionps.2020.100013","article-title":"Retinal structural alterations in chronic versus first episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders","volume":"2","author":"Lai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomarkers Neuropsychiatr."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.88","article-title":"Changes in cortical thickness during the course of illness in schizophrenia","volume":"68","author":"van Haren","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.05.006","article-title":"BrainAGE score indicates accelerated brain aging in schizophrenia, but not bipolar disorder","volume":"266","author":"Nenadi\u0107","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02379-5","article-title":"Investigating brain aging trajectory deviations in different brain regions of individuals with schizophrenia using multimodal magnetic resonance imaging and brain-age prediction: a multicenter study","volume":"13","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbm140","article-title":"Bowie, CR. Is schizophrenia a syndrome of accelerated aging?","volume":"34","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"2008","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Bulletin."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0511(00)00052-1","article-title":"Aging and measures of processing speed","volume":"54","author":"Salthouse","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol Psychol."},{"key":"B20","year":"1993"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2017.07.033","article-title":"Dose equivalents for second generation long-acting injectable antipsychotics: the minimum effective dose method","volume":"193","author":"Rothe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/13.2.261","article-title":"The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia","volume":"13","author":"Kay","year":"1987","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.15557\/AN.2017.0004","article-title":"A qualitative analysis of the ACE-III profi le in the diff erential diagnosis of dementia syndromes","volume":"17","author":"Sitek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aktualno\u015bci Neurologiczne."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2019.01.006","article-title":"Detecting cognitive impairment in patients with schizophrenia with the Addenbrooke's cognitive examination","volume":"40","author":"Charernboon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatr."},{"key":"B25","article-title":"Skala Inteligencji D","author":"Brzezi\u0144ski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Wechslera dla doros\u0142ych Wersja zrewidowana \u2013 Renormalizacja WAIS-R (PL)"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191115602552","article-title":"The trail making test: association with other neuropsychological measures and normative values for adults aged 55 years and older from a spanish-speaking population-based sample","volume":"24","author":"Llin\u00e0s-Regl\u00e0","year":"2017","journal-title":"Assessment."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1080\/13546805.2017.1356710","article-title":"Karaku\u0142a-Juchnowicz, H","volume":"22","author":"Krukow","year":"2017"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2016.05.013","article-title":"Macular thickness and volume in the elderly: a systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Subhi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20352","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56996-6","article-title":"Age-related changes of individual macular retinal layers among Asians","volume":"9","author":"Chua","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.09.013","article-title":"Mardin CY, et al. Differential effects of aging in the macular retinal layers, neuroretinal rim, and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer","volume":"127","author":"Chauhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.07.028","article-title":"De la C\u00e1mara, C, et al. Retinal nerve fiber layer and macular thickness in patients with schizophrenia: influence of recent illness episodes","volume":"229","author":"Ascaso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2021.04.005","article-title":"Accelerated aging in the brain, epigenetic aging in blood, and polygenic risk for schizophrenia","volume":"231","author":"Teeuw","year":"2021","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01897-w","article-title":"Brain ageing in schizophrenia: evidence from 26 international cohorts via the ENIGMA Schizophrenia consortium","volume":"28","author":"Constantinides","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2015.15070922","article-title":"Accelerated brain aging in schizophrenia: a longitudinal pattern recognition study","volume":"173","author":"Schnack","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2021.02.003","article-title":"White matter brain aging in relationship to schizophrenia and its cognitive deficit","volume":"230","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2020.101942","article-title":"Relation between retinal vascular abnormalities and working memory impairment in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder","volume":"49","author":"Appaji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatr."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.9279","article-title":"Association of retinal nerve fiber abnormalities with serum CNTF and cognitive functions in schizophrenia patients","volume":"2020","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"PeerJ."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.16050610","article-title":"Accelerated gray and white matter deterioration with age in schizophrenia","volume":"174","author":"Cropley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.06.007","article-title":"Non-linear associations between retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) and positive and negative symptoms among men with acute and chronic schizophrenia spectrum disorder","volume":"141","author":"Alizadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1311","article-title":"Layer-specific anatomical, physiological and functional MRI of the retina","volume":"21","author":"Duong","year":"2008","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2014.06.003","article-title":"Functional architecture of the retina: Development and disease","volume":"42","author":"Hoon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1207608\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T07:42:51Z","timestamp":1689752571000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1207608\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1207608"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1207608","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]]},"article-number":"1207608"}}