{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T18:46:26Z","timestamp":1789411586363,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]],"date-time":"2023-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003086","name":"Eusko Jaurlaritza","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003086","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Emotion regulation difficulties have an important role in the presence of negative self-image. These problems in the self-regulation of emotion could lead to negative emotional processes (such as anger) that can lead to body dissatisfaction. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine emotion regulation difficulties than can negatively impact self-image and to understand if anger acts as mediator in the relationship between emotion regulation and body dissatisfaction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study was carried out comprising 565 young adult women aged 18\u201330 years. The participants were administered the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory 2 (STAXI-2), and the Body Dissatisfaction dimension of the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI-2). The proposed hypotheses were tested by path analysis in MPlus 8.0.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results indicated that anger had a positive significant effect on body dissatisfaction as well as the non-acceptance of emotional responses, the lack of emotional awareness, and the lack of emotional clarity. Of all the dimensions of emotional regulation difficulties, impulse control difficulty was the dimension which had a positive significant indirect effect on body dissatisfaction explained by increased anger.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present study suggests the importance of emotion regulation in the prevention of body dissatisfaction. Impulse control difficulty may be the key emotion regulation emotion in explaining the increments of anger that lead to body dissatisfaction. Among young adults, the promotion of positive body image can be promoted by helping this population to self-regulate their anger impulses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1221513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]],"date-time":"2023-07-17T21:19:48Z","timestamp":1689628788000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Emotional regulation and body dissatisfaction: the mediating role of anger in young adult women"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Janire","family":"Mome\u00f1e","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Est\u00e9vez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Herrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark D.","family":"Griffiths","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leticia","family":"Olave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Itziar","family":"Iruarrizaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","author":"Alireza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Body image distortion. StatPearls."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18062880","article-title":"Social media use and body image disorders: association between frequency of comparing one\u2019s own physical appearance to that of people being followed on social media and body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness.","volume":"18","author":"Jiotsa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-018-0483-4","article-title":"Conceptualizing body dissatisfaction in eating disorders within a self-discrepancy framework: a review of evidence.","volume":"23","author":"Lantz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eat Weight Disord."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14183876","article-title":"Body dissatisfaction, eating styles, weight-related behaviors, and health among young women in the United States.","volume":"14","author":"Eck","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-04706-6","article-title":"Perception of body size and body dissatisfaction in adults.","volume":"12","author":"Gruszka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2018.10.006","article-title":"Body image in the context of eating disorders.","volume":"42","author":"McLean","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatric Clin N Am."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191811482","article-title":"Body dissatisfaction, distorted body image and disordered eating behaviors in university students: an analysis from 2017-2022.","volume":"19","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-Limas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.94.3.319","article-title":"Self-discrepancy: a theory relating self and affect.","volume":"94","author":"Higgins","year":"1987","journal-title":"Psychol Rev."},{"key":"B9","first-page":"671","article-title":"Body attitudes and self-representation in women with eating disorders. Research based on Edward Tory Higgins\u2019 self-discrepancy theory.","volume":"45","author":"Brytek-Matera","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychiatria Polska."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000186","article-title":"Self-discrepancy theory as a transdiagnostic framework: a meta-analysis of self-discrepancy and psychopathology.","volume":"145","author":"Mason","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol Bull."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.20960\/nh.04174","article-title":"Risk factors and prevention strategies in eating disorders.","volume":"39","author":"Canals","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr Hospital."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-019-00691-y","article-title":"Effects of acceptance and reappraisal on body dissatisfaction: an experimental comparison of two adaptive emotion regulation strategies.","volume":"25","author":"Prefit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eat Weight Disord."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2629","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-022-01399-2","article-title":"Habitual adaptive emotion regulation moderates the association between maladaptive emotion regulation and eating disorder symptoms, but not clinical impairment.","volume":"27","author":"Won","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eat Weight Disord."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2021.00017","article-title":"Emotional regulation in eating disorders and gambling disorder: a transdiagnostic approach.","volume":"10","author":"Mungu\u00eda","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Behav Addict."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-020-00968-7","article-title":"Emotional intelligence and eating disorders: a systematic review.","volume":"26","author":"Romero-Mesa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eat Weight Disord."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010079","article-title":"Emotional eating in adolescence: effects of emotion regulation, weight status and negative body image.","volume":"13","author":"Shriver","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0001127","article-title":"Specific emotion and momentary emotion regulation in adolescence and early adulthood.","volume":"23","author":"Smith","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emotion."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-018-00634-z","article-title":"Factors associated with body dissatisfaction among the Lebanese population.","volume":"24","author":"Haddad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eat Weight Disord."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2018.02.022","article-title":"Eating when depressed, anxious, bored, or happy: are emotional eating types associated with unique psychological and physical health correlates?","volume":"125","author":"Braden","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appetite."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2702","article-title":"Maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and trait anger as predictors of depression severity.","volume":"29","author":"Crisan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Psychother."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2005.05.004","article-title":"Negative emotion and disordered eating among obese college students.","volume":"6","author":"Edman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eat Behav."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.24869\/psyd.2020.105","article-title":"Evaluation of eating attitudes, anger and impulsivity in atypical and non-atypical depression and assessment of comorbidity of binge eating.","volume":"32","author":"G\u00fcng\u00f6r","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatria Danubina."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23608","article-title":"Emotion regulation in adolescents with anorexia and bulimia nervosa: differential use of adaptive and maladaptive strategies compared to healthy adolescents.","volume":"54","author":"Perthes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord."},{"key":"B24","first-page":"572","article-title":"Aggression regulation in eating disorders: evidence for a brief body and movement-oriented intervention.","volume":"61","author":"Boerhout","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1177\/1078390319862029","article-title":"Mixture modeling to characterize anorexia nervosa: integrating personality and eating disorder psychopathology.","volume":"27","author":"Jennings","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Psychiatric Nurses Assoc."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.631","article-title":"A qualitative exploration of the perception of emotions in anorexia nervosa: a basic emotion and developmental perspective.","volume":"16","author":"Fox","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Psychother."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.23038","article-title":"Nonsuicidal self-injury, difficulties in emotion regulation, negative urgency, and childhood invalidation: a study with outpatients with eating disorders.","volume":"77","author":"Vieira","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.690903","article-title":"The interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide to explain suicidal risk in eating disorders: a mini-review.","volume":"12","author":"Zeppegno","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-108x(200007)28:13.0.co;2-u","article-title":"Inhibited expression of negative emotions and interpersonal orientation in anorexia nervosa.","volume":"28","author":"Geller","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2022.105952","article-title":"Childhood maltreatment and disordered eating: the mediating role of emotion regulation.","volume":"172","author":"Dawson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appetite."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.12740\/PP\/OnlineFirst\/122212","article-title":"Emotion regulation in binge eating disorder.","volume":"55","author":"Walenda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatria Polska."},{"key":"B32","author":"Garner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Manual del EDI 2: Inventario de Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria [EDI 2: eating disorders inventory manual]."},{"key":"B33","first-page":"30","article-title":"Propiedades psicom\u00e9tricas del Inventario de Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria (EDI-2) en mujeres adolescentes de Lima.","volume":"5","author":"Dom\u00ednguez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev Mexicana Investig Psicol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94","article-title":"Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale.","volume":"26","author":"Gratz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Psychopathol Behav Assess."},{"key":"B35","first-page":"139","article-title":"Adaptaci\u00f3n al castellano de la escala de dificultades en la regulaci\u00f3n emocional.","volume":"19","author":"Herv\u00e1s","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cl\u00edn Salud."},{"key":"B36","author":"Spielberger","year":"1999","journal-title":"Manual for the state-trait anger expression inventory-2."},{"key":"B37","author":"Miguel-Tobal","year":"2009","journal-title":"STAXI-2. Inventario de expresi\u00f3n de ira estado-rasgo."},{"key":"B38","year":"2021","journal-title":"IBM SPSS statistics for windows, version 28.0."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-016-0814-1","article-title":"Univariate and multivariate skewness and kurtosis for measuring nonnormality: prevalence, influence and estimation.","volume":"49","author":"Cain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods."},{"key":"B40","author":"Muth\u00e9n","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mplus user\u2019s guide."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118356258","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Structural equation modeling: applications using Mplus."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives.","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Struct Equat Model."},{"key":"B43","author":"Cohen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Statistical power for the behavioral sciences."},{"key":"B44","author":"Hayes","year":"2017","journal-title":"An introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: a regression-based approach."},{"key":"B45","author":"Stride","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mplus code for mediation, moderation and moderated mediation models (1 to 80)."},{"key":"B46","author":"Preacher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Computing power and minimum sample size for RMSEA [Computer software]."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3701","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329172200037X","article-title":"Decision-making difficulties mediate the association between poor emotion regulation and eating disorder symptoms in adolescence.","volume":"53","author":"Francesconi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2665","article-title":"Alexithymia, dissociation and emotional regulation in eating disorders: evidence of improvement through specialized inpatient treatment.","volume":"29","author":"Meneguzzo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Psychother."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-022-00715-6","article-title":"What about males? Exploring sex differences in the relationship between emotion difficulties and eating disorders.","volume":"10","author":"Vuillier","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Eat Disord."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2021.03.012","article-title":"Young women\u2019s body image following upwards comparison to Instagram models: the role of physical appearance perfectionism and cognitive emotion regulation.","volume":"38","author":"McComb","year":"2021","journal-title":"Body Image."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.05.005","article-title":"Effects of induced rumination on body dissatisfaction: is there any difference between men and women?","volume":"61","author":"Rivi\u00e8re","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.11899","article-title":"Eating for numbing: a community-based study of trauma exposure, emotion dysregulation, dissociation, body dissatisfaction and eating disorder symptoms.","volume":"9","author":"Lev-Ari","year":"2021","journal-title":"PeerJ."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/10640266.2019.1642034","article-title":"Symptoms of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa have differential relationships to borderline personality disorder symptoms.","volume":"29","author":"Miller","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Eat Disord."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.1823","article-title":"Emotion coupling and regulation in anorexia nervosa.","volume":"20","author":"Fox","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Psychother."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2491","article-title":"Aggression regulation in day treatment of eating disorders: two-centre RCT of a brief body and movement-oriented intervention.","volume":"25","author":"Boerhout","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Eat Disord Rev."},{"key":"B56","author":"Bruch","year":"1973","journal-title":"Eating disorders. Obesity, anorexia and the person within."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2013.00036","article-title":"Is \u2018loss of control\u2019 always a consequence of addiction?","volume":"4","author":"Griffiths","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1111\/papt.12391","article-title":"Emotion dysregulation and eating disorder outcome: prediction, change and contribution of self-image.","volume":"95","author":"Monell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol Psychother."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cob.12388","article-title":"Eating in case of emotion dys-regulation, depression and anxiety: different pathways to emotional eating in moderate and severe obesity.","volume":"10","author":"Willem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Obes."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23389","article-title":"Predictors of treatment response durability in psychotherapy for binge-eating disorder: examining the roles of self-discrepancy, self-directed style, and emotion dysregulation.","volume":"53","author":"Hazzard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2022.106166","article-title":"State negative affect in relation to loss-of-control eating among children and adolescents in the natural environment.","volume":"178","author":"Parker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appetite."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2023.106510","article-title":"Eating when depressed, anxious, bored, or happy: an examination in treatment-seeking adults with overweight\/obesity.","volume":"184","author":"Braden","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appetite."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-020-00859-x","article-title":"Cognitive and emotional regulation in adolescents and young women with eating disorders.","volume":"26","author":"Malagoli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eat Weight Disord."},{"key":"B64","author":"Treasure","year":"2011","journal-title":"Los trastornos de la alimentaci\u00f3n. Gu\u00eda pr\u00e1ctica para cuidar de un ser querido."},{"key":"B65","author":"Nardone","year":"2001","journal-title":"Las prisiones de la comida [Food prisons]."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-020-01042-y","article-title":"Implicit facial emotion recognition of fear and anger in obesity.","volume":"26","author":"Scarpina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eat Weight Disord."},{"key":"B67","author":"Cancrini","year":"1996","journal-title":"La caja de pandora. Manual de psiquiatr\u00eda y psicopatolog\u00eda [Pandora\u2019s box. Manual of psychiatry and psychopathology]."},{"key":"B68","author":"Linehan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1221513\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]],"date-time":"2023-07-17T21:19:56Z","timestamp":1689628796000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1221513\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]]},"references-count":68,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1221513"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1221513","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]]},"article-number":"1221513"}}