{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T14:31:55Z","timestamp":1792679515012,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]],"date-time":"2023-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Language-based learning disabilities (LBLD) refers to a spectrum of neurodevelopmental-associated disorders that are characterized by cognitive and behavioral differences in comprehending, processing and utilizing spoken and\/or written language. The focus of this work was on identifying early predictors of three main specific LBLD including dyslexia, dyscalculia, and dysgraphia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Web of Science (WoS) was searched for literature related to (neurocognitive, neurophysiological, and neuroimaging) measurements used to identify early predictors of LBLD from 1991 to 25 October 2021. A retrospective bibliometric analysis was performed to analyze collaboration among countries, institutions, authors, publishing journals, reference co-citation patterns, keyword co-occurrence, keyword clustering, and burst keywords using Biblioanalytics software.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 921 publications related to the identification of LBLD using (neurocognitive, neurophysiological, and neuroimaging) modalities were included. The data analysis shows a slow growth in research on the topic in the 90s and early 2000 and growing trend in recent years. The most prolific and cited journal is Neuroimage, followed by Neuropsychologia. The United States and Finland\u2019s Universities Jyvaskyla and Helsinki are the leading country and institution in this field, respectively. \u201cNeuroimaging,\u201d \u201cbrain,\u201d \u201cfMRI,\u201d \u201ccognitive predictor,\u201d \u201ccomorbidity,\u201d \u201ccortical thickness\u201d were identified as hotspots and trends of (neurocognitive, neurophysiological, and neuroimaging) modalities in the identification of LBLD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Early predictors of LBLDs would be useful as targets for specific prevention and intervention programs to be implemented at very young ages, which could have a significant clinical impact. A novel finding of neuroimaging predictors combined with neurocognitive and neuropsychological batteries may have implications for future research.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1229580","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]],"date-time":"2023-12-04T05:29:35Z","timestamp":1701667775000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Early predictors in language-based learning disabilities: a bibliometric analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Maryam","family":"Alabbad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Ajmal","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadeem","family":"Siddique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaber Abou","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahid","family":"Bashir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Turki","family":"Abualait","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"Late Diagnosis: A Secondary Data Set Analysis of Language-Based Learning Disorders and Importance of Diagnosis Timing","author":"Schafer","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"Grammar and Syntax: Developing School-Age Children\u2019s Oral and Written Language Skills","author":"Gordon-Pershey","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219412464353","article-title":"The proposed changes for DSM-5 for SLD and ADHD: International perspectives\u2014Australia, Germany, Greece, India, Israel, Italy, Spain, Taiwan, United Kingdom, and United States","volume":"46","author":"Al-Yagon","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S77","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-2089L","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence of learning disability among US children","volume":"119","author":"Altarac","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.5152\/npa.2016.18054","article-title":"The probable prevalence and sociodemographic characteristics of specific learning disorder in primary school children in Edirne","volume":"54","author":"G\u00f6rker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Neuropsychiatr"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s11019-013-9529-6","article-title":"Diagnosing mental disorders and saving the normal","volume":"17","author":"Svenaeus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Health Care Philos"},{"key":"ref8","volume-title":"\u201cI wanted to prove myself that I\u2019m not stupid\u201d: learning disabilities and language anxiety","author":"Torvinen","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref9","volume-title":"Higher-Order Cognitive Effects of Lead Exposure in Children and Adolescents Using the WPPSI-III, WISC-III, and WISC-IV","author":"Lee","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219412464351","article-title":"Comorbidity of LD and ADHD: Implications of DSM-5 for assessment and treatment","volume":"46","author":"DuPaul","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361304042718","article-title":"Autism and learning disability","volume":"8","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2004","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.837424","article-title":"ASD and ADHD comorbidity: what are we talking about?","volume":"13","author":"Hours","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psych"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0207286","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207286","article-title":"ADHD symptoms and learning behaviors in children with ASD without intellectual disability. 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