{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T22:40:22Z","timestamp":1765233622664,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]],"date-time":"2023-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The COVID-19 virus spreads at a high rate, exerting many physical, mental and psychological effects on patients. Patients with COVID-19 have been reported to have high levels of interleukin 1 and interleukin 6. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the association of physical, mental, and psychological problems with the levels of interleukin-1 and -6 in COVID-19 patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is cross-sectional descriptive-analytical research on 121 COVID-19 patients selected using simple random sampling method. The patients were hospitalized in university hospitals affiliated to Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences and Amir al-Momenin Hospital. Data collection tools included the depression anxiety stress scale (DASS), a demographic questionnaire, and a checklist of physical problems. Blood sampling was also done to perform an ELISA test and measure the level of interleukin-1 and -6. Data were analyzed based on independent <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>-tests, chi-square, regression, and Pearson\u2019s correlation coefficient, using SPSS ver. 22.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The average age of the 121 patients participating in this study was 53.31\u2009\u00b1\u200914.09. A direct and statistically significant correlation was observed between body temperature on the first day and interleukin 1 level. A statistically significant negative correlation was observed between blood oxygen saturation level and interleukin-1 and -6 on the first, third and fifth days. Shortness of breath and coughing had a statistically significant correlation with the level of interleukin 1 on the third and fifth days. A direct and statistically significant correlation was observed between body temperature on the first, third and fifth days and interleukin 6 level. Coughing on the third and fifth days had a statistically significant relationship with interleukin 6 level. No direct and non-significant statistical correlation was found between depression and stress and the serum level of interleukin 1, but a significant correlation was observed between anxiety and serum level of interleukin 1. Finally, the results showed that depression, anxiety and stress had a direct and statistically significant correlation with the serum level of interleukin 6.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Given the relationship between interleukin-1 and -6 and most physical and psychological problems, level of the inflammatory biomarkers interleukin-1 and -6 can be used to estimate the severity of physical and psychological symptoms in COVID-19 patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1241190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]],"date-time":"2023-08-25T18:47:41Z","timestamp":1692989261000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Investigating the association of physical and psychological problems with the levels of interleukin-1 and -6 in COVID-19 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