{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T18:41:05Z","timestamp":1782844865723,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Observational studies have demonstrated that household income is associated with morbidity of mental disorders. However, a causal relationship between the two factors remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the causal relationship between household income status and genetic liability of mental disorders using a bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This MR study included a large cohort of the European population from publicly available genome-wide association study datasets. A random-effects inverse-variance weighting model was used as the main standard, with MR-Egger regression, weighted median, and maximum likelihood estimations performed concurrently as supplements. Sensitivity analysis, consisting of heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy tests, was performed using Cochran\u2019s Q test, MR-Egger intercept, and MR-PRESSO tests to ensure the reliability of the conclusions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A higher household income tended to be associated with a lower risk of genetic liability for depression (odds ratio [OR]: 0.655, 95% confidence interval [CI]\u2009=\u20090.522\u20130.822, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001) and anxiety disorder (OR: 0.666, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.526\u20130.843, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). No associations were observed for schizophrenia (OR: 0.678, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.460\u20131.000, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.05), panic disorder (OR: 0.837, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.445\u20131.577, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.583), insomnia (OR: 1.051, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.556\u20131.986, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.877), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OR: 1.421, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.778\u20132.596, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.252), and bipolar disorder (OR: 1.126, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.757\u20131.677, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.556). A reverse MR study showed no reverse causal relationship between psychiatric disorders and household income. Sensitivity analysis verified the reliability of the results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results revealed that the population with a higher household income tended to have a minor risk of genetic liability in depression and anxiety disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1264174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T04:29:25Z","timestamp":1700454565000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The higher the household income, the lower the possibility of depression and anxiety disorder: evidence from a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Guangyan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenlin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xifeng","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junyan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu038","article-title":"The global prevalence of common mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis 1980-2013","volume":"43","author":"Steel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J 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