{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T18:38:39Z","timestamp":1792521519943,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]],"date-time":"2023-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) and the production, use, and distribution of Child Sexual Abuse Material (CSAM) are key threats to children\u2019s mental health. From the perspective of indicated prevention, it can be assumed that some persons with a sexual interest in children commit such unreported crimes. Accordingly, the German Network <jats:italic>kein T\u00e4ter werden<\/jats:italic> (meaning <jats:italic>do not offend<\/jats:italic>) has implemented a confidential treatment service for persons with a sexual interest in minors who voluntarily seek therapy, might or might not have offended but have not yet been detected or have fulfilled all legal requirements (here referred to as non-forensic individuals). However, this offer has been questioned for investing resources in a group which critics consider as low risk. The following study addresses the question of recidivism risks for CSA or viewing CSAM among non-forensic individuals. We found significantly higher rates of CSA\/CSAM in our participants\u2019 history compared to a German study on a representative sample of males. Regarding CSAM, the recidivism rate of 39% was found to be 11 times higher than the expected recidivism rate based on previous publications. Regarding CSA, the recidivism rate of 14% was not significantly different from the expected rate reported for subjects with a conviction for a sexual contact offense. Among various risk instruments, only the CPORT with CASIC rating was able to predict CSA (AUC\u202f=\u202f0.69, 95% CI\u202f=\u202f0.55, 0.82) and CSAM (AUC\u202f=\u202f0.63, 95% CI\u202f=\u202f0.53, 0.73) among individuals with a history of CSAM, but with poor discrimination. We conclude that a large proportion of our sample poses a substantial risk and therefore treatment resources are well invested. However, further studies are needed to improve risk assessment among non-forensic clients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1277225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]],"date-time":"2023-11-23T09:26:14Z","timestamp":1700731574000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Individuals under voluntary treatment with sexual interest in minors: what risk do they pose?"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Fritjof","family":"von Franqu\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Bergner-Koether","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan S.","family":"Pellowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan H.","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00f6ran","family":"Hajak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peer","family":"Briken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.02.007","article-title":"The prevalence of child sexual abuse in community and student samples: a meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Pereda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559511403920","article-title":"A global perspective on child sexual abuse: meta-analysis of prevalence around the world","volume":"16","author":"Stoltenborgh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Child Maltreat"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2015.1020108","article-title":"How common is Men's self-reported sexual interest in prepubescent children?","volume":"53","author":"Dombert","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Sex Res"},{"key":"ref4","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.73.6.1154","article-title":"The characteristics of persistent sexual offenders: a meta-analysis of recidivism studies","volume":"73","author":"Hanson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12785","article-title":"The German dunkelfeld project: a pilot study to prevent child sexual abuse and the use of child abusive images","volume":"12","author":"Beier","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"Treatment change in undetected child pornography offenders with Pedophilia\/hebephilia","author":"Kuhle","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.708210","article-title":"Mandated or voluntary treatment of men who committed child sexual abuse: is there a difference?","volume":"12","author":"von Franqu\u00e9","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psych"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s11757-015-0316-5","article-title":"Psychiatrischer Beitrag: \u201cKein T\u00e4ter werden\u201d \u2013 Keine Effekte? 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