{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T15:31:54Z","timestamp":1789054314257,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,4]],"date-time":"2024-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Empirical studies have demonstrated that educational attainment (EA) is associated with neuropsychiatric disorders (NPDs), suggesting a shared etiological basis between them. However, little is known about the shared genetic mechanisms and causality behind such associations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study explored the shared genetic basis and causal relationships between EA and NPDs using the high-definition likelihood (HDL) method, cross phenotype association study (CPASSOC), transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS), and bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) with summary-level data for EA (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009293,723) and NPDs (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> range\u2009=\u20099,725 to 455,258).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Significant genetic correlations between EA and 12 NPDs (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>g<\/jats:sub> range\u2009\u2212\u20090.49 to 0.35; all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20093.85\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>) were observed. CPASSOC identified 37 independent loci shared between EA and NPDs, one of which was novel (rs71351952, mapped gene: <jats:italic>ARFGEF2<\/jats:italic>). Functional analyses and TWAS found shared genes were enriched in brain tissue, especially in the cerebellum and highlighted the regulatory role of neuronal signaling, purine nucleotide metabolic process, and cAMP-mediated signaling pathways. CPASSOC and TWAS supported the role of three regions of 6q16.1, 3p21.31, and 17q21.31 might account for the shared causes between EA and NPDs. MR confirmed higher genetically predicted EA lower the risk of ADHD (OR<jats:sub>IVW<\/jats:sub>: 0.50; 95% CI: 0.39 to 0.63) and genetically predicted ADHD decreased the risk of EA (Causal effect: \u22122.8\u2009months; 95% CI: \u22123.9 to \u22121.8).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings provided evidence of shared genetics and causation between EA and NPDs, advanced our understanding of EA, and implicated potential biological pathways that might underlie both EA and NPDs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1303430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,4]],"date-time":"2024-01-04T04:57:19Z","timestamp":1704344239000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Unraveling shared susceptibility loci and Mendelian genetic associations linking educational attainment with multiple neuropsychiatric disorders"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Dongze","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yali","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huatang","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liqun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuyang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-016-0822-z","article-title":"Interaction 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