{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T11:42:34Z","timestamp":1791546154123,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":162,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The current narrative review summarizes and examines several theories of panic disorder (PD) including biological theories, encompassing neurochemical factors, metabolic and genetic theories, respiratory and hyperventilation theories and cognitive theory. Biological theories have informed the development of psychopharmacological treatments; however, they may be limited in their utility given the efficacy of psychological treatments. In particular, behavioral and, more recently, cognitive models have garnered support due to the efficacy of cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) in treating PD. The role of combination treatments has been found to be superior in the treatment of PD in particular cases, lending support for the need for an integrated approach and model for PD given that the etiology of PD is complex and multifactorial.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.957515","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T05:24:56Z","timestamp":1675056296000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Biological and cognitive theories explaining panic disorder: A narrative review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Kyriakoulis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Kyrios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"189","volume-title":"Anxiety Disorders in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5","year":"2013"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.19.2529","article-title":"Cognitive-behavioral therapy, imipramine, or their combination for panic disorder: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"283","author":"Barlow","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.08.002","article-title":"Causal modelling of panic disorder theories","volume":"29","author":"Fava","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291722003683","article-title":"CBT treatment delivery formats for panic disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"1","author":"Papola","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"B5","article-title":"Psychotherapy of Panic Disorder: Revisiting Past and Present Research and Moving toward Future Directions","volume-title":"Psychology of Panic","author":"Afshari","year":"2022"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(86)90011-2","article-title":"A cognitive approach to panic","volume":"24","author":"Clark","year":"1986","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1017\/S0141347300011472","article-title":"The importance of behaviour in the maintenance of anxiety and panic: a cognitive account","volume":"19","author":"Salkovskis","year":"1991","journal-title":"Behav Cog Psychother"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2010.10.013","article-title":"McKay, D. 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