{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T11:08:15Z","timestamp":1778929695653,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013094","name":"Science and Technology Planning Social Development Project of Zhenjiang City","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FZ2020059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FZ2020059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013094","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to find out the clinical and cognitive effects of high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) on the right orbital frontal cortex (OFC) in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 56 patients with ADHD were recruited as subjects and completely and randomly divided into the HD-tDCS group and the Sham group. A 1.0 mA anode current was applied to the right OFC. The HD-tDCS group received real stimulation, while the Sham group received sham stimulation in 10 sessions of treatment. ADHD symptom assessment (the SNAP-IV Rating Scale and the Perceived Stress Questionnaire) was carried out before treatment, after the 5th and 10th stimuli, and at the 6th week after the end of all stimulations, while the cognitive effect was assessed by the Integrated Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Test (IVA-CPT), the Stroop Color and Word Test (Stroop), and the Tower of Hanoi (TOH). Repeated-measure ANOVA was used to find out the results of both groups before and after treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 47 patients completed all sessions and evaluations. Their SNAP-IV score, their PSQ score, the mean visual and auditory reaction times by IVA-CPT, the interference RT of Stroop Color and Word, and the number of completed steps of TOH did not change with intervention time before and after treatment (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;gt; 0.0031). However, the integrated visual and audiovisual commission errors and the TOH completion time results of the HD-tDCS group were significantly decreased after the 5th intervention, the 10th intervention, and the 6th week of intervention follow-up compared to the Sham group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.0031).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study draws cautious conclusions that HD-tDCS does not significantly alleviate the overall symptoms of patients with ADHD but leads to significant improvements in the cognitive measures of attention maintenance. The study also attempted to fill in the gaps in research studies on HD-tDCS stimulation of the right OFC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical trial registration<\/jats:title><jats:p>ChiCTR2200062616.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.987093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T06:01:51Z","timestamp":1676268111000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A randomized, sham-controlled trial of high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation on the right orbital frontal cortex in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yi-chao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan-chun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong-jing","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940003300502","article-title":"Learning disabilities and ADHD: overlapping spectrum disorders","volume":"33","author":"Mayes","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.13070966","article-title":"Emotion dysregulation in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"171","author":"Shaw","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.01.022","article-title":"The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 evidence-based conclusions about the disorder","volume":"128","author":"Faraone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-devpsych-060320-093413","article-title":"Development of ADHD: etiology, heterogeneity, and early life course","volume":"2","author":"Nigg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu Rev Dev Psychol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45758-0_249","article-title":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"16","author":"Matthews","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Top Behav Neurosci."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)33004-1","article-title":"Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"395","author":"Posner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acx055","article-title":"The neurocognitive profile of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a review of meta-analyses","volume":"33","author":"Pievsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x","article-title":"Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"527","author":"Nitsche","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Physiol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858410386614","article-title":"Physiological basis of transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"17","author":"Stagg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.10.1899","article-title":"Sustained excitability elevations induced by transcranial DC motor cortex stimulation in humans","volume":"57","author":"Nitsche","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2010.10.007","article-title":"Modulating neuronal activity produces specific and long-lasting changes in numerical competence","volume":"20","author":"Cohen Kadosh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15284","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0542-11.2011","article-title":"Prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation changes connectivity of resting-state networks during fMRI","volume":"31","author":"Keeser","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11020212","article-title":"A systematic review on the safety and tolerability of transcranial direct current stimulation in children and adolescents","volume":"11","author":"Buchanan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.04.016","article-title":"Transcranial direct current brain stimulation decreases impulsivity in ADHD","volume":"11","author":"Allenby","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2021.05.008","article-title":"The impact of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder symptom severity on the effectiveness of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on inhibitory control","volume":"466","author":"Nejati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroscience."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054717730611","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation improves executive dysfunctions in ADHD: implications for inhibitory control, interference control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility","volume":"24","author":"Nejati","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2022.2055","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation vs sham for the treatment of inattention in adults with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: the TUNED randomized clinical trial","volume":"79","author":"Leffa","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0135371","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135371","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial of transcranial direct current stimulation in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"10","author":"Cosmo","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00476","article-title":"Null tDCS Effects in a sustained attention task: the modulating role of learning","volume":"6","author":"Jacoby","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E14","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.190179","article-title":"Noninvasive brain stimulation in children and adults with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Westwood","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Psychiatry Neurosci"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10082156","article-title":"Neurotherapeutics for attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a review","volume":"10","author":"Rubia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.12.412","article-title":"Comparison between conventional and HD-tDCS of the right inferior frontal gyrus in children and adolescents with ADHD","volume":"131","author":"Breitling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.01.015","article-title":"Targeting neuronal correlates of executive function in ADHD using brain stimulation","volume":"131","author":"Karstens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2015.00171","article-title":"A framework for understanding the emerging role of corticolimbic-ventral striatal networks in OCD-associated repetitive behaviors","volume":"9","author":"Wood","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Syst Neurosci."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2015.11.030","article-title":"Impulsivity across the psychosis spectrum: correlates of cortical volume, suicidal history, and social and global function","volume":"170","author":"Nanda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2014.07.004","article-title":"Cortical thinning of temporal pole and orbitofrontal cortex in medication-na\u00efve children and adolescents with ADHD","volume":"224","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Ja\u00e9n","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2015.01.006","article-title":"Abnormalities of structural covariance networks in drug-naive boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"231","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679437","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.679437","article-title":"Structural and functional brain abnormalities in internet gaming disorder and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a comparative meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2015.00024","article-title":"Neural correlates of igh-risk behavior tendencies and impulsivity in an emotional Go\/NoGo fMRI task","volume":"9","author":"Brown","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Syst Neurosci."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4094","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhu123","article-title":"Negative urgency mediates the relationship between amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex activation to negative emotional stimuli and general risktaking","volume":"25","author":"Cyders","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-014-3837-2","article-title":"Inverse fluoxetine effects on inhibitory brain activation in non-comorbid boys with ADHD and with ASD","volume":"232","author":"Chantiluke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6779","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0411-18.2018","article-title":"Orbitofrontal signaling of future reward is associated with hyperactivity in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"38","author":"Tegelbeckers","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.08.003","article-title":"Meta-analysis of fMRI studies of timing in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)","volume":"36","author":"Hart","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720000574","article-title":"Comparative meta-analyses of brain structural and functional abnormalities during cognitive control in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder","volume":"50","author":"Lukito","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.02.011","article-title":"Brain alterations in children\/adolescents with ADHD revisited: a neuroimaging meta-analysis of 96 structural and functional studies","volume":"100","author":"Samea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"B36","first-page":"1177","article-title":"The revision of WISC-IV Chinese version","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2011.10.001","article-title":"CONSORT 2010 explanation and elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials","author":"Moher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Surg 10."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2020.102542","article-title":"High definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS): a systematic review on the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"56","author":"Parlikar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatr"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.237","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham, version IV scale - parent form","volume":"17","author":"Gau","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Method Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191119842255","article-title":"The validity of the SNAP-IV in children displaying ADHD symptoms","volume":"27","author":"Hall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Assessment."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7358(00)00085-4","article-title":"The Conners' Parent Rating Scales: a critical review of the literature","volume":"21","author":"Gianarris","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev."},{"key":"B43","first-page":"321","article-title":"The norm and reliability of the Conners Parent Symptom Questionnaire in Chinese urban children","volume":"17","author":"Fan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Shanghai Arch Psychiat."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.06.034","article-title":"The utility of quantitative electroencephalography and integrated visual and auditory continuous performance test as auxiliary tools for the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder diagnosis","volume":"126","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22365\/jpsych.2021.034","article-title":"Evaluation tools of the characteristics of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents: a literature review","author":"Gamvrouli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatriki"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acn.2003.09.003","article-title":"meta-analysis of the sensitivity and specificity of the Stroop Color and Word Test with children","volume":"19","author":"Homack","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-005-6742-7","article-title":"Performance and private speech of children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder while taking the tower of Hanoi test: effects of depth of search, diagnostic subtype, and methylphenidate","volume":"33","author":"Kopecky","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6177(01)00196-2","article-title":"The intermediate visual and auditory continuous performance test as a neuropsychological measure","volume":"18","author":"Tinius","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2021.01.013","article-title":"A transcranial direct current stimulation in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis of clinical efficacy outcomes","volume":"264","author":"Brauer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2011.05.244","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) produces localized and specific alterations in neurochemistry: a 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy study","volume":"500","author":"Clark","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00602","article-title":"The effect of transcranial direct current stimulation: a role for cortical excitation\/inhibition balance?","volume":"7","author":"Krause","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.04.008","article-title":"A comparison of the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation and caffeine on vigilance and cognitive performance during extended wakefulness","volume":"7","author":"McIntire","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-017-0552-4","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation modulates neuronal networks in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"30","author":"Sotnikova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.10.018","article-title":"It's the thought that counts: examining the task-dependent effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on executive function","volume":"8","author":"Gill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0215095","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215095","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis of neuropsychological deficits","volume":"14","author":"Salehinejad","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054718804347","article-title":"The relationship between executive function deficits and DSM-5-defined ADHD symptoms","volume":"24","author":"Silverstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Atten Disord."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-016-1646-y","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation improves clinical symptoms in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"124","author":"Soff","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.11.009","article-title":"Neurobiological after-effects of non-invasive brain stimulation","volume":"10","author":"Cirillo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721001859","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with cognitive training in adolescent boys with ADHD: a double-blind, randomised, sham-controlled trial","author":"Westwood","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2015.07.018","article-title":"Enhancing decision-making and cognitive impulse control with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied over the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC): a randomized and sham-controlled exploratory study","volume":"69","author":"Ouellet","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054713510349","article-title":"Are there executive dysfunction subtypes within ADHD?","volume":"21","author":"Roberts","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Atten Disord."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2016.00072","article-title":"Improving interference control in ADHD patients with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)","volume":"10","author":"Breitling","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3673","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22429","article-title":"Prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation alters activation and connectivity in cortical and subcortical reward systems: a tDCS-fMRI study","volume":"35","author":"Weber","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3821579","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3821579","article-title":"The relationship between neurocircuitry dysfunctions and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a review","volume":"2016","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.987093\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T06:01:56Z","timestamp":1676268116000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.987093\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]]},"references-count":64,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.987093"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.987093","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]]},"article-number":"987093"}}