{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T00:00:15Z","timestamp":1773446415191,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]],"date-time":"2024-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Amongst \u201cthird-wave\u201d cognitive behavioural therapies, schema therapy demonstrates encouraging efficacy across various mental health conditions. Within this field, clinical interest has begun to converge on the \u201cschema-mode-model\u201d \u2013 a conceptualization framework for affective, cognitive and behavioral states that guide individuals\u2019 perceptions and behaviours at a given point in time. Schema mode expressions in patients with chronic tinnitus are as-yet unexamined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study reports self-report data from <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 696 patients with chronic tinnitus who completed the Schema Mode- and Tinnitus Handicap Inventories alongside measures of perceived stress, anxiety and depression. The Schema Mode Inventory assesses so-called maladaptive \u201cparent\u201d, \u201cchild\u201d and \u201ccoping\u201d modes. Parent modes can be understood as self-states which are characterized by self-critical and hostile beliefs; child modes are characterized by biographically unmet emotional needs; and coping modes by inflexible attempts to regulate emotion and stabilize one\u2019s sense of self. Descriptive, correlational and mediation analyses investigated schema mode expressions (1) in patients with chronic tinnitus, (2) as compared to published reference values from a healthy control sample, (3) in their relation to other psychological constructs, and (4) regarding their potential role in driving tinnitus-related distress.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients reported mild-to-moderate levels of emotional distress. Compared to healthy controls, patients showed (1) high relative expressions of child-, detachment and compliant coping modes and (2) a conspicuously low relative expression of the \u2018punitive parent\u2019 mode. Correlational patterns suggested strong associations of (1) parent as well as angry child modes with perceived stress and anxiety, (2) the vulnerable child mode with all measured constructs and (3) emotional distress with - intrapersonally - emotional detachment as well as - interpersonally - alleged compliance. Mediation analyses demonstrated that tinnitus-related distress was driven by significant interactions between child and coping modes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study provides initial clinical evidence for the relevance and applicability of schema-mode based formulation and treatment planning in patients with chronic tinnitus.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1257299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]],"date-time":"2024-02-21T15:41:21Z","timestamp":1708530081000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Emotional self-states and coping responses in patients with chronic tinnitus: a schema mode model approach"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Boecking","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Stoettner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Brueggemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Birgit","family":"Mazurek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Schema therapy: a practitioner\u2019s guide","author":"Young","year":"2003"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/ijct.2013.6.2.171","article-title":"Schema therapy for personality disorders\u2014A review","volume":"6","author":"Jacob","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Cogn Ther"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119962830.ch2","article-title":"Theoretical Model: Theoretical Model Schemas, Coping Styles, and Modes","volume-title":"The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Schema Therapy: Theory, Research, and Practice","author":"van Genderen","year":"2012"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000699","article-title":"Modes: Cohesive personality states and their interrelationships as organizing concepts in psychopathology","volume":"132","author":"Lazarus","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Psychopathol Clin Sci"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2008.03.006","article-title":"An empirical test of schema mode conceptualizations in personality disorders","volume":"46","author":"Lobbestael","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"B6","article-title":"Working with modes in schema therapy","volume-title":"Working Emotion Cogn Behav therapy: Techniques Clin Pract","author":"Rafaeli","year":"2014"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(15)30119-X","article-title":"Integration of schema therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy in the treatment of perosnality disorders","volume":"30","author":"Slepecky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s00106-022-01207-4","article-title":"S3 Guideline: Chronic Tinnitus: German Society for Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery e. 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