{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T00:49:08Z","timestamp":1793407748730,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To provide an overview of the digital mental health care landscape for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PubMed, PsycInfo, and PSYNDEX were searched for articles meeting the following criteria: (1) article written in English or German; (2) digital psychosocial intervention; (3) SCI only; (4) treatment of individuals with SCI and not their relatives or caregivers. Records were screened by title and abstract and records meeting the inclusion criteria were obtained for full text screening. The references of identified articles were screened to find further relevant articles. The literature search was updated before submission. Risk of Bias was assessed by using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2) and a narrative synthesis was conducted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ten randomized-controlled trials (RCT) and ten non-randomized-controlled trials were identified and compared in this review, evaluating twelve internet- and mobile-based interventions, five smartphone apps, and three virtual reality applications. The interventions were primarily used as stand-alone aftercare programs. While some were not based on any theory, cognitive behavioral therapy mostly served as the theoretical basis for the online interventions. The extent of human support also varied greatly between the studies. The number of intervention modules ranged between 2 and 72. There were also major differences in outcome variables and effects. A meta-analytical evaluation of the data was not conducted due to heterogeneity of studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Digital applications to promote the psychosocial health of individuals with SCI are an emerging field of research with many treatment approaches still to come. First high quality RCT studies report promising results. Unfortunately, not all studies are of high quality or the interventions have been insufficiently adapted to the needs of people with SCI. Therefore, more research is needed to further develop applications, and to generalize and test the effects found in the long term.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1289138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,21]],"date-time":"2024-01-21T23:19:00Z","timestamp":1705879140000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Digital psychosocial interventions for individuals with spinal cord injury: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Alice","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Oetinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Weimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"H\u00f6nig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2008.115","article-title":"Psychological morbidity and spinal cord injury: a systematic review","volume":"47","author":"Craig","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v6.i1.17","article-title":"Acute complications of spinal cord injuries","volume":"6","author":"Hagen","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Orthop"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2020-101960","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic pain after spinal cord injury: a systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Hunt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-020-00599-w","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and pain intensity in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"59","author":"Kuiper","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2016.69","article-title":"Anxiety prevalence following spinal cord injury: a meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Le","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-022-10003-w","article-title":"The role of social support in coping with psychological trauma: an integrated biopsychosocial model for posttraumatic stress recovery","volume":"93","author":"Calhoun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychiatry Q"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2011.116","article-title":"The role of social support and social skills in people with spinal cord injury--a systematic review of the literature","volume":"50","author":"Muller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref8","volume-title":"International perspectives on spinal cord injury","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2016.12.008","article-title":"Vitality and mental health in disability: associations with social relationships in persons with spinal cord injury and their partners","volume":"10","author":"Tough","year":"2017","journal-title":"Disabil Health J"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-020-00582-5","article-title":"Mental health, quality of life, self-efficacy, and social support of individuals living with spinal cord injury in Switzerland compared to that of the general population","volume":"59","author":"Carrard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/s0003-9993(95)80022-0","article-title":"Outcomes of Post-spinal cord injury marriages","volume":"76","author":"DeVivo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.05.016","article-title":"Depression after spinal cord injury: comorbidities, mental health service use, and adequacy of treatment","volume":"92","author":"Fann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s40141-022-00349-4","article-title":"Mental health and spinal cord injury: clinical considerations for rehabilitation providers","volume":"10","author":"Schultz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Phys Med Rehabil Rep"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1024\/1422-4917\/a000625","article-title":"Internet- and Mobile-based interventions for mental and somatic conditions in children and adolescents","volume":"48","author":"Domhardt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Z Kinder Jugendpsychiatr Psychother"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s15016-016-5393-y","article-title":"Internet- Und Mobilebasierte Intervention Bei Psychischen St\u00f6rungen","volume":"27","author":"Paganini","year":"2016","journal-title":"NeuroTransmitter"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-009-9130-7","article-title":"Defining internet-supported therapeutic interventions","volume":"38","author":"Barak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1027\/1016-9040\/a000318","article-title":"Internet- and Mobile-based psychological interventions: applications, efficacy, and potential for improving mental health","volume":"23","author":"Ebert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Psychol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2018.0659","article-title":"Internetbasierte Interventionen Bei Chronischen K\u00f6rperlichen Erkrankungen","volume":"115","author":"Bendig","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13196","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013196","article-title":"Computer therapy for the anxiety and depressive disorders is effective, acceptable and practical health care: a Meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Andrews","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17458","DOI":"10.2196\/17458","article-title":"Mobile apps for mental health issues: Meta-review of Meta-analyses","volume":"8","author":"Lecomte","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12071178","article-title":"Psychosocial consequences of spinal cord injury: a narrative review","volume":"12","author":"Budd","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171700040X","article-title":"Virtual reality in the assessment, understanding, and treatment of mental health disorders","volume":"47","author":"Freeman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.01.015","article-title":"Virtual reality in the psychological treatment for mental health problems: an systematic review of recent evidence","volume":"236","author":"Valmaggia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2377960820936163","DOI":"10.1177\/2377960820936163","article-title":"Virtual reality and symptoms Management of Anxiety, depression, fatigue, and pain: a systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Ioannou","year":"2020","journal-title":"SAGE Open Nurs"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2019.1575554","article-title":"Virtual reality for the treatment of neuropathic pain in people with spinal cord injuries: a scoping review","volume":"44","author":"Austin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2018.09.006","article-title":"Virtual reality for spinal cord injury-associated neuropathic pain: systematic review","volume":"62","author":"Chi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"Prisma extension for scoping reviews (Prisma-Scr): checklist and explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"l4898","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","article-title":"Rob 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of Bias in randomised trials","volume":"366","author":"Sterne","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2019.100867","article-title":"Promoting psychological health in women with Sci: development of an online self-esteem intervention","volume":"13","author":"Robinson-Whelen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Disabil Health J"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16351","DOI":"10.2196\/16351","article-title":"Web-based health coaching for spinal cord injury: results from a mixed methods feasibility evaluation","volume":"7","author":"Allin","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR Rehabil Assist Technol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2023.2192852","article-title":"Sci thrive: impact of a peer-led online self-management program","author":"Hoffman","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14305","DOI":"10.2196\/14305","article-title":"The effect of the interactive Mobile health and rehabilitation system on health and psychosocial outcomes in spinal cord injury: randomized controlled trial","volume":"21","author":"Kryger","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22960","DOI":"10.2196\/22960","article-title":"Effects of app-based transitional care on the self-efficacy and quality of life of patients with spinal cord injury in China: randomized controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2022.10.005","article-title":"The effects of app-based intervention for depression among community-dwelling individuals with spinal cord injury: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"104","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2019.1614343","article-title":"Implementing a self-management Mobile app for spinal cord injury during inpatient rehabilitation and following community discharge: a feasibility study","volume":"43","author":"MacGillivray","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2018.1518123","article-title":"Translating a spinal cord injury self-management intervention for online and telehealth delivery: a community-engaged research approach","volume":"42","author":"Newman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13559","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000013559","article-title":"A novel use of virtual reality in the treatment of cognitive and motor deficit in spinal cord injury: a case report","volume":"97","author":"Maresca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1402","article-title":"An internet-delivered cognitive Behavioural therapy pain management Programme for spinal cord injury pain: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Burke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-018-0146-3","article-title":"The pain course: exploring the feasibility of an internet-delivered pain management Programme for adults with spinal cord injury","volume":"56","author":"Dear","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-019-0398-6","article-title":"Guided internet-delivered cognitive-behaviour therapy for persons with spinal cord injury: a feasibility trial","volume":"58","author":"Mehta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2015.221","article-title":"A randomised control trial of an internet-based cognitive behaviour treatment for mood disorder in adults with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"54","author":"Migliorini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2015.165","article-title":"Feasibility of an online well-being intervention for people with spinal cord injury: a pilot study","volume":"54","author":"Verwer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00531","article-title":"The use of virtual reality to facilitate mindfulness skills training in dialectical behavioral therapy for spinal cord injury: a case study","volume":"9","author":"Flores","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-018-0090-2","article-title":"Internet-delivered mindfulness for people with depression and chronic pain following spinal cord injury: a randomized, controlled feasibility trial","volume":"56","author":"Hearn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"21","article-title":"Comparison of two online interventions to cope with spinal cord injury: a pilot study","author":"Stuntzner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Psychother"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1177\/1357633x19828463","article-title":"Development and feasibility testing of an online virtual reality platform for delivering therapeutic group singing interventions for people living with spinal cord injury","volume":"26","author":"Tamplin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Telemed Telecare"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-018-0200-1","article-title":"Work and Sci: a pilot randomized controlled study of an online resource for job-seekers with spinal cord dysfunction","volume":"57","author":"Dorstyn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-020-0489-4","article-title":"A Mobile-based educational intervention on Sexo-marital life in Iranian men with spinal cord injury: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"58","author":"Zarei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-021-03415-9","article-title":"Adherence to digital health interventions: definitions, methods, and open questions","volume":"64","author":"Kernebeck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20283","DOI":"10.2196\/20283","article-title":"Rates of attrition and dropout in app-based interventions for chronic disease: systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Meyerowitz-Katz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105310379063","article-title":"Efficacy of cognitive behavior therapy for the Management of Psychological Outcomes Following Spinal Cord Injury: a Meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Dorstyn","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Health Psychol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1037\/rep0000276","article-title":"Patient perspectives of internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy for psychosocial issues Post spinal cord injury","volume":"64","author":"Mehta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rehabil Psychol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1007\/s00278-021-00525-2","article-title":"Wirkfaktoren Und Ver\u00e4nderungsmechanismen Digitaler Psychotherapeutischer Interventionen","volume":"66","author":"Domhardt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychotherapeut"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e52","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.1772","article-title":"A systematic review of the impact of adherence on the effectiveness of E-therapies","volume":"13","author":"Donkin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.4790","article-title":"The effectiveness of prompts to promote engagement with digital interventions: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Alkhaldi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2021.2009675","article-title":"Online psychosocial intervention for persons with spinal cord injury: a Meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Blackport","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1289138\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,21]],"date-time":"2024-01-21T23:19:05Z","timestamp":1705879145000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1289138\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]]},"references-count":56,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1289138"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1289138","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]]},"article-number":"1289138"}}