{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T03:06:54Z","timestamp":1768619214753,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) are neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by difficulties in controlling intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and undesired actions (tics), respectively. Both conditions have been associated with abnormal inhibition but a tangible deficit of inhibitory control abilities is controversial in GTS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Here, we examined a 25 years-old male patient with severe OCD symptoms and a mild form of GTS, where impairments in motor control were central. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was applied over the primary motor cortex (M1) to elicit motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) during four experimental sessions, allowing us to assess the excitability of motor intracortical circuitry at rest as well as the degree of MEP suppression during action preparation, a phenomenon thought to regulate movement initiation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>When tested for the first time, the patient presented a decent level of MEP suppression during action preparation, but he exhibited a lack of intracortical inhibition at rest, as evidenced by reduced short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and long-interval intracortical inhibition (LICI). Interestingly, the patient\u2019s symptomatology drastically improved over the course of the sessions (reduced obsessions and tics), coinciding with feedback given on his good motor control abilities. These changes were reflected in the TMS measurements, with a significant strengthening of intracortical inhibition (SICI and LICI more pronounced than previously) and a more selective tuning of MEPs during action preparation; MEPs became even more suppressed, or selectively facilitated depending on the behavioral condition in which they we probed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study highlights the importance of better understanding motor inhibitory mechanisms in neurodevelopmental disorders and suggests a biofeedback approach as a potential novel treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1307344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T04:31:48Z","timestamp":1705465908000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Relationship between transcranial magnetic stimulation markers of motor control and clinical recovery in obsessive compulsive disorder\/Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: a proof of concept case study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Caroline","family":"Quoilin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fostine","family":"Chaise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Duque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"de Timary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11526-1","article-title":"Tourette\u2019s syndrome","volume":"360","author":"Leckman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.01.041","article-title":"The temporal relationship between premonitory urges and covert compulsions in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"262","author":"Brandt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.04.019","article-title":"Sensory phenomena: clinical correlates and impact on quality of life in adult patients with Tourette syndrome","volume":"209","author":"Crossley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10618","article-title":"Premonitory sensory phenomenon in Tourette\u2019s syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Kwak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.4088\/jcp.v61n0213","article-title":"Sensory phenomena in obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette\u2019s disorder","volume":"61","author":"Miguel","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3109\/10673229409017128","article-title":"Tourette\u2019s disorder and related problems: a review and update","volume":"2","author":"Coffey","year":"1994","journal-title":"Harv Rev Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2011.09.017","article-title":"Sensory phenomena associated with repetitive behaviors in obsessive-compulsive disorder: an exploratory study of 1001 patients","volume":"197","author":"Ferr\u00e3o","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"246","article-title":"Phenomenology of intentional repetitive behaviors in obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette\u2019s disorder","volume":"56","author":"Miguel","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.11.013","article-title":"Clinical assessment of Tourette syndrome and tic disorders","volume":"37","author":"Cohen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1017\/s0012162200000839","article-title":"An international perspective on Tourette syndrome: selected findings from 3,500 individuals in 22 countries","volume":"42","author":"Freeman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19r13085","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.19r13085","article-title":"Women are at greater risk of OCD than men: a meta-analytic review of OCD prevalence worldwide","volume":"81","author":"Fawcett","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-007-1003-7","article-title":"Tic disorders and ADHD: answers from a world-wide clinical dataset on Tourette syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Freeman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.01.001","article-title":"Recent advances in Tourette syndrome research","volume":"29","author":"Albin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-016-0525-z","article-title":"Putting the pieces together in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: exploring the link between clinical observations and the biological basis of dysfunction","volume":"30","author":"Hashemiyoon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Topogr"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26304","article-title":"Pathophysiology of tic disorders","volume":"30","author":"Yael","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13307","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0502624102","article-title":"Altered parvalbumin-positive neuron distribution in basal ganglia of individuals with Tourette syndrome","volume":"102","author":"Kalanithi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws104","article-title":"Widespread abnormality of the \u03b3-aminobutyric acid-ergic system in Tourette syndrome","volume":"135","author":"Lerner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00228633","article-title":"The effect of lorazepam on the motor cortical excitability in man","volume":"109","author":"Ziemann","year":"1996","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp299","article-title":"Altered modulation of intracortical excitability during movement preparation in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome","volume":"133","author":"Heise","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.9.1277","article-title":"Decreased motor inhibition in Tourette\u2019s disorder: evidence from transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"154","author":"Ziemann","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20044","article-title":"Association of cortical disinhibition with tic, ADHD, and OCD severity in Tourette syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Gilbert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.12.009","article-title":"Corticospinal system excitability at rest is associated with tic severity in Tourette syndrome","volume":"64","author":"Orth","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2023.114606","article-title":"Tourette syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder: a comprehensive review of structural alterations and neurological mechanisms","volume":"453","author":"Shitova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2013.08.009","article-title":"Motor cortical excitability assessed by transcranial magnetic stimulation in psychiatric disorders: a systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Bunse","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2016.02.003","article-title":"Motor cortical excitability in obsessive-compulsive disorder: transcranial magnetic stimulation study","volume":"46","author":"Khedr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurophysiol Clin"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2013.01.014","article-title":"A meta-analysis of cortical inhibition and excitability using transcranial magnetic stimulation in psychiatric disorders","volume":"124","author":"Radhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.300","article-title":"Evidence for cortical inhibitory and excitatory dysfunction in obsessive compulsive disorder","volume":"37","author":"Richter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050480","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1050480","article-title":"Motor cortical inhibitory deficits in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder-a systematic review and meta-analysis of transcranial magnetic stimulation literature","volume":"13","author":"Rodrigues da Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14778","article-title":"Inhibitory control and impulsive responses in neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"63","author":"Mirabella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13050804","article-title":"Beyond reactive inhibition: unpacking the multifaceted nature of motor inhibition","volume":"13","author":"Mirabella","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27479","article-title":"Motor cortical excitability during voluntary inhibition of involuntary tic movements","volume":"33","author":"Ganos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870040207","article-title":"Volitional control of involuntary movements","volume":"4","author":"Koller","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2011.02.047","article-title":"Compensatory neural reorganization in Tourette syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Jackson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.01.064","article-title":"Enhanced cognitive control in young people with Tourette\u2019s syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Mueller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2014.08.007","article-title":"The neural correlates of tic inhibition in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome","volume":"65","author":"Ganos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073812450317","article-title":"Increased frontomotor oscillations during tic suppression in children with Tourette syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Hong","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.4.326","article-title":"A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of tic suppression in Tourette syndrome","volume":"55","author":"Peterson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858415592594","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation: decomposing the processes underlying action preparation","volume":"22","author":"Bestmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27406","article-title":"Inhibition is impaired in children with obsessive-compulsive symptoms but not in those with tics","volume":"33","author":"Mancini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2020.111044","article-title":"Loss in grey matter in a small network of brain areas underpins poor reactive inhibition in obsessive-compulsive disorder patients","volume":"297","author":"Mirabella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2017.02.006","article-title":"Physiological markers of motor inhibition during human behavior","volume":"40","author":"Duque","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858419896751","article-title":"Tuning the corticospinal system: how distributed brain circuits shape human actions","volume":"26","author":"Derosiere","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116746","article-title":"Advanced TMS approaches to probe corticospinal excitability during action preparation","volume":"213","author":"Derosiere","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2020.102383","article-title":"A TMS study of preparatory suppression in binge drinkers","volume":"28","author":"Grandjean","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10675","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1436-15.2015","article-title":"Nonspecific inhibition of the motor system during response preparation","volume":"35","author":"Greenhouse","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00711.2018","article-title":"Planning face, hand, and leg movements: anatomical constraints on preparatory inhibition","volume":"121","author":"Labruna","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-022-06351-5","article-title":"Inhibition for gain modulation in the motor system","volume":"240","author":"Greenhouse","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00347","article-title":"Observing without acting: a balance of excitation and suppression in the human corticospinal pathway?","volume":"12","author":"Hannah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00378.2020","article-title":"Motor training strengthens corticospinal suppression during movement preparation","volume":"124","author":"Vassiliadis","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2396","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29214","article-title":"Corticospinal suppression underlying intact movement preparation fades in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"37","author":"Wilhelm","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2016.00322","article-title":"Effect of aging on motor inhibition during action preparation under sensory conflict","volume":"8","author":"Duque","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.08.005","article-title":"Top-down suppression of incompatible motor activations during response selection under conflict","volume":"86","author":"Klein","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00639","article-title":"Considering motor excitability during action preparation in gambling disorder: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study","volume":"11","author":"Quoilin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2022.109384","article-title":"Exploring the links between gut microbiota and excitatory and inhibitory brain processes in alcohol use disorder: a TMS study","volume":"225","author":"Quoilin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117435","article-title":"Neural bases of inhibitory control: combining transcranial magnetic stimulation and magnetic resonance imaging in alcohol-use disorder patients","volume":"224","author":"Quoilin","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2021.102738","article-title":"Augmented tendency to act and altered impulse control in alcohol use disorders","volume":"31","author":"Quoilin","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-018-0074-0","article-title":"Deficient inhibition in alcohol-dependence: let\u2019s consider the role of the motor system!","volume":"43","author":"Quoilin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0161964","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161964","article-title":"Comparison of motor inhibition in variants of the instructed-delay choice reaction time task","volume":"11","author":"Quoilin","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2007.19.1.121","article-title":"Expectancy induces dynamic modulation of corticospinal excitability","volume":"19","author":"van Elswijk","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00088","article-title":"A double-coil TMS method to assess corticospinal excitability changes at a near-simultaneous time in the two hands during movement preparation","volume":"10","author":"Wilhelm","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.147","article-title":"Clinical pharmacogenetics implementation consortium (CPIC) guideline for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotypes and dosing of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors","volume":"98","author":"Hicks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0102-3","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"5","author":"Stein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00303-9","article-title":"Tourette syndrome: clinical features, pathophysiology, and treatment","volume":"22","author":"Johnson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-006-0365-2","article-title":"The role of GABAB receptors in intracortical inhibition in the human motor cortex","volume":"173","author":"McDonnell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.51.5.1320","article-title":"Dextromethorphan decreases the excitability of the human motor cortex","volume":"51","author":"Ziemann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1993.sp019912","article-title":"Corticocortical inhibition in human motor cortex","volume":"471","author":"Kujirai","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(92)90048-g","article-title":"Human motor evoked responses to paired transcranial magnetic stimuli","volume":"85","author":"Valls-Sol\u00e9","year":"1992","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1996.sp021734","article-title":"Interaction between intracortical inhibition and facilitation in human motor cortex","volume":"496","author":"Ziemann","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00357","article-title":"The psychophysics toolbox","volume":"10","author":"Brainard","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spat Vis"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00366","article-title":"The VideoToolbox software for visual psychophysics: transforming numbers into movies","volume":"10","author":"Pelli","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spat Vis"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2018.11.002","article-title":"Investigating the effect of anticipating a startling acoustic stimulus on preparatory inhibition","volume":"49","author":"Grandjean","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurophysiol Clin"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200210070-00027","article-title":"Functional relevance of abnormal fMRI activation pattern after unilateral schizencephaly","volume":"13","author":"Vandermeeren","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2001.86.5.2125","article-title":"Constraints on somatotopic organization in the primary motor cortex","volume":"86","author":"Schieber","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2018.01.017","article-title":"Surround inhibition in the primary motor cortex is task-specifically modulated in non-professional musicians but not in healthy controls during real piano playing","volume":"373","author":"M\u00e1rquez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2019.04.016","article-title":"Preparatory inhibition: impact of choice in reaction time tasks","volume":"129","author":"Quoilin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1016\/s0028-3932(01)00224-x","article-title":"Investigation of the single case in neuropsychology: confidence limits on the abnormality of test scores and test score differences","volume":"40","author":"Crawford","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1076\/clin.12.4.482.7241","article-title":"Comparing an individual\u2019s test score against norms derived from small samples","volume":"12","author":"Crawford","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00139","article-title":"Using a double-coil TMS protocol to assess preparatory inhibition bilaterally","volume":"12","author":"Vassiliadis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116470","article-title":"Task-related measures of short-interval intracortical inhibition and GABA levels in healthy young and older adults: a multimodal TMS-MRS study","volume":"208","author":"Cuypers","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.11.002","article-title":"SICI during changing brain states: differences in methodology can lead to different conclusions","volume":"13","author":"Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.54.1.142","article-title":"Altered cortical excitability in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"54","author":"Greenberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2008.149484","article-title":"Motor cortex excitability and comorbidity in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome","volume":"80","author":"Orth","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00461","article-title":"Adult-onset Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: psychogenic or organic? The challenge of abnormal neurophysiological findings","volume":"10","author":"Versace","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2362","DOI":"10.1016\/s1388-2457(03)00243-8","article-title":"The variability of intracortical inhibition and facilitation","volume":"114","author":"Orth","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhv069","article-title":"Influence of delay period duration on inhibitory processes for response preparation","volume":"26","author":"Lebon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.06.059","article-title":"Increased sensory feedback in Tourette syndrome","volume":"63","author":"Biermann-Ruben","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh318","article-title":"Motor inhibition in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: functional activation patterns as revealed by EEG coherence","volume":"128","author":"Serrien","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291704003691","article-title":"Executive function in Tourette\u2019s syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"35","author":"Watkins","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0033-295x.84.2.191","article-title":"Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change","volume":"84","author":"Bandura","year":"1977","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa024","article-title":"Impaired automatic but intact volitional inhibition in primary tic disorders","volume":"143","author":"Rawji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-014-4183-7","article-title":"The uses and interpretations of the motor-evoked potential for understanding behaviour","volume":"233","author":"Bestmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-007-1055-4","article-title":"Effects of motor preparation and spatial attention on corticospinal excitability in a delayed-response paradigm","volume":"182","author":"Mars","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01005.2006","article-title":"Online maintenance of sensory and motor representations: effects on corticospinal excitability","volume":"97","author":"van den Hurk","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2018.03.004","article-title":"Variations in response control within at-risk gamblers and non-gambling controls explained by GABAergic inhibition in the motor cortex","volume":"103","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01597","article-title":"Stop signal task training strengthens GABA-mediated neurotransmission within the primary motor cortex","volume":"32","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e599","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007899","article-title":"Motor cortex inhibition and modulation in children with ADHD","volume":"93","author":"Gilbert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e46066","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0046066","article-title":"Time course analysis of motor excitability in a response inhibition task according to the level of hyperactivity and impulsivity in children with ADHD","volume":"7","author":"Hoegl","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0404.2001.00308.x","article-title":"Altered inhibition of motor responses in Tourette syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"104","author":"Johannes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.5.427","article-title":"Regional brain and ventricular volumes in Tourette syndrome","volume":"58","author":"Peterson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2009.07.005","article-title":"Imaging evidence for anatomical disturbances and neuroplastic compensation in persons with Tourette syndrome","volume":"67","author":"Plessen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.11.2028","article-title":"Altered interhemispheric connectivity in individuals with Tourette\u2019s disorder","volume":"161","author":"Plessen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4299-12.2012","article-title":"Dissociating the role of prefrontal and premotor cortices in controlling inhibitory mechanisms during motor preparation","volume":"32","author":"Duque","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00421","article-title":"Top-down inhibitory control exerted by the medial frontal cortex during action selection under conflict","volume":"25","author":"Duque","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/jnp.12033","article-title":"Motor excitability during movement preparation in Tourette syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Draper","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neuropsychol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1307344\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T04:31:52Z","timestamp":1705465912000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1307344\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]]},"references-count":105,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1307344"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1307344","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]]},"article-number":"1307344"}}