{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:05:23Z","timestamp":1791893123813,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>After the war in Syria, many people were forcibly displaced, and many others migrated to foreign countries. Many Syrians have been exposed to traumatic negative lifeexperiences during this process. In this context, this study was carried out to investigate the effects of pre- and post-migration traumatic experiences and living difficulties on the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Syrian refugees who have been residing in Turkey for more than five years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The sample size of this cross-sectional study consisted of 200 Syrian refugees. Research data were collected using a self-report questionnaire. Refugees\u2019 depression and anxiety levels were assessed with The Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were assessed with the PTSD Checklist for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) (PCL-5). Logistic regression models were created to assess the effects of pre- and post-migration traumas, adverse events, and other sociodemographic variables, including age and gender, on PTSD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study unveiled a high prevalence of PTSD (55.5%), depression (33.5%), and anxiety(4.5%) among participants. Notably, male refugees and those exposed to armed conflict exhibited a significantly higher frequency of PTSD. In contrast, depression was more prevalent among female participants. Pre-migration traumatic experiences, especially near-death situations, were identified as significant predictors of PTSD. Interestingly, while pre-migration traumatic experiences were higher, post-migration living difficulties also emerged as a concern, with factorslike \"inability to return home in emergencies\" and \"worries about losing ethnic identity\" beinghighlighted. Path analysis further revealed that pre-migration traumatic experiences indirectly contributed to PTSD by exacerbating post-migration living difficulties.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Syrian refugees in Turkey, even after long-term residence, exhibit high rates of PTSD, depression, and anxiety. While pre-migration traumas play a pivotal role, post-migration challenges further compound their mental health issues. These findings underscore the need for holistic, long-term mental health interventions that address both past traumas and current living difficulties.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1352288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T04:42:11Z","timestamp":1719895331000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Post-traumatic stress disorder among long-term resettled Syrian refugees in Turkey: a comprehensive analysis of pre- and post-migratory factors"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ertan","family":"Yilmaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lut","family":"Tamam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cengiz","family":"Cengisiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Global Trends Forced Displacement2022"},{"key":"B2","volume-title":"Syrians Barometer 2019: A Framework for Achieving Social Cohesion with Syrians In Turkey","author":"Erdo\u011fan","year":"2020"},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"2023"},{"key":"B4","article-title":"The impact of refugee crises on host labor markets: The case of the Syrian refugee crisis in Turkey. IZA Discussion Paper No 8841. (2015)","author":"Akg\u00fcnd\u00fcz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Available at SSRN 2564974"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0447.2002.2e012.x","article-title":"How well do refugees adapt after resettlement in Western countries","volume":"106","author":"Silove","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.2017.36.10.835","article-title":"Mental health of Syrian asylum seekers in Turkey: the role of pre-migration and post-migration risk factors","volume":"36","author":"Cantekin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Soc Clin Psychol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e154","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796020000669","article-title":"Seeking sanctuary: rethinking asylum and mental health","volume":"29","author":"Jannesari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-018-0806-6","article-title":"Mental health status and service assessment for adult Syrian refugees resettled in Metropolitan Atlanta: A cross-sectional survey","volume":"21","author":"M'zah","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immigr Minor Health"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.04.032","article-title":"Depression and anxiety in labor migrants and refugees\u2013a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"69","author":"Lindert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796016000044","article-title":"Mental health and psychosocial wellbeing of Syrians affected by armed conflict","volume":"25","author":"Hassan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)61027-6","article-title":"Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in western countries: a systematic review","volume":"365","author":"Fazel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1132","article-title":"Association of torture and other potentially traumatic events with mental health outcomes among populations exposed to mass conflict and displacement: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"302","author":"Steel","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.110.084764","article-title":"Factors associated with mental disorders in long-settled war refugees: refugees from the former Yugoslavia in Germany, Italy and the U.K","volume":"200","author":"Bogic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-018899","article-title":"Prevalence of mental ill health, traumas and postmigration stress among refugees from Syria resettled in Sweden after 2011: a population-based survey","volume":"7","author":"Tingh\u00f6g","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0447.2002.01436.x","article-title":"A 3-year follow-up study of psychosocial functioning and general symptoms in settled refugees","volume":"106","author":"Lie","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.5.602","article-title":"Predisplacement and postdisplacement factors associated with mental health of refugees and internally displaced persons: a meta-analysis","volume":"294","author":"Porter","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-016-0723-0","article-title":"The relationship between post-migration stress and psychological disorders in refugees and asylum seekers","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/15325024.2019.1654691","article-title":"Traumatic life events and severity of post-traumatic stress disorder among Syrian refugees residing in a camp in Turkey","volume":"25","author":"Sagaltici","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Loss Trauma"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3109\/13651501.2014.961930","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder among Syrian refugees in Turkey: a cross-sectional study","volume":"19","author":"Alpak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000000693","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of post-traumatic stress and depression symptoms among Syrian refugees in a refugee camp","volume":"206","author":"Acarturk","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-020-01941-6","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of common mental disorders among Syrian refugees in Istanbul, Turkey: a cross-sectional study","volume":"56","author":"Acarturk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000001104","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress and depression among Syrian refugees living in Turkey: findings from an urban sample","volume":"207","author":"Kaya","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304405","article-title":"Determinants of mental disorders in Syrian refugees in Turkey versus internally displaced persons in Syria","volume":"108","author":"Tekeli-Yesil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"B24","unstructured":"Data Portal for Statistics2023"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.111.5.343","article-title":"Comfort, effectiveness, and self-awareness as criteria for improvement in psychotherapy","volume":"111","author":"Parloff","year":"1954","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B26","first-page":"6","article-title":"Psychiatric illness in family practice","volume":"41","author":"Hesbacher","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"B27","first-page":"17","article-title":"The Arabic validation of the hopkins symptoms checklist-25 against MINI in a disadvantaged suburb of beirut, Lebanon","volume":"13","author":"Mahfoud","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Educ Psychol Assess"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-019-00240-x","article-title":"Arabic validation of the hopkins symptom checklist-25 (HSCL) in a Lebanese sample of adults and older adults","volume":"40","author":"Fares","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"key":"B29","unstructured":"The PTSD Checklist for(PCL-5)\n            WeathersFW\n            LitzBT\n            KeaneTM\n            PalmieriPA\n            MarxBP\n            SchnurrPP\n          2013"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1839-z","article-title":"The validity of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) as screening instrument with Kurdish and Arab displaced populations living in the Kurdistan region of Iraq","volume":"18","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B31","article-title":"Translation and cultural adaptation of the Arabic version of the list of migration experiences (LiMEs)","volume":"11","author":"Aragona","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dialogues Philos Ment Neuro Sci"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2022.100397","article-title":"Systematic Review of prevalence and correlates of post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and anxiety in displaced Syrian population","volume":"10","author":"Aysazci-Cakar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Affect Disord Rep"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30934-1","article-title":"New WHO prevalence estimates of mental disorders in conflict settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"394","author":"Charlson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2017.1321357","article-title":"The assessment of psychopathology among traumatized refugees: measurement invariance of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire and the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 across five linguistic groups","volume":"8","author":"Wind","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2004.00458.x","article-title":"Mental disorders, disability and health service use amongst Vietnamese refugees and the host Australian population","volume":"111","author":"Steel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(00)00412-3","article-title":"Language acquisition, unemployment and depressive disorder among Southeast Asian refugees: a 10-year study","volume":"53","author":"Beiser","year":"2001","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-198903000-00002","article-title":"Psychosocial adjustment of Hmong refugees during their first decade in the United States","volume":"177","author":"Westermeyer","year":"1989","journal-title":"A longitudinal study J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000146739.26187.15","article-title":"Impact of a long asylum procedure on the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Iraqi asylum seekers in The Netherlands","volume":"192","author":"Laban","year":"2004","journal-title":"JNerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000102","article-title":"Gender differences in depression in representative national samples: Meta-analyses of diagnoses and symptoms","volume":"143","author":"Salk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.144.12.1567","article-title":"The psychosocial impact of war trauma and torture on Southeast Asian refugees","volume":"144","author":"Mollica","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.170.4.351","article-title":"Anxiety, depression and PTSD in asylum-seekers: associations with pre-migration trauma and post-migration stressors","volume":"170","author":"Silove","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/j.1440-1614.2006.01766.x","article-title":"Trauma, post-migration living difficulties, and social support as predictors of psychological adjustment in resettled Sudanese refugees","volume":"40","author":"Schweitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764009105699","article-title":"The relationship between trauma, post-migration problems, and the psychological well-being of refugees and asylum seekers","volume":"57","author":"Carswell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Soc Psychiatry"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000188977.44657.1d","article-title":"Postmigration living problems and common psychiatric disorders in Iraqi asylum seekers in the Netherlands","volume":"193","author":"Laban","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764019888960","article-title":"Influence of post-migration living difficulties on post-traumatic symptoms in Chinese asylum seekers resettled in Italy","volume":"66","author":"Aragona","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Soc Psychiatry"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-022-01066-x","article-title":"Predicting PTSD and complex PTSD among Iraqi and Syrian refugees","volume":"59","author":"Ipekci","year":"2023","journal-title":"Community Ment Health J"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1363461507081639","article-title":"Global evidence for a biopsychosocial understanding of refugee adaptation","volume":"44","author":"Porter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transcult Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1352288\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T04:42:20Z","timestamp":1719895340000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1352288\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1352288"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1352288","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"article-number":"1352288"}}