{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T20:57:56Z","timestamp":1784667476709,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Childhood trauma is not restricted to abuse or neglect and other potentially traumatic experiences need to be pondered in practice and research. The study aimed to collect validity evidence of a new measure of exposure to a broad range of potentially traumatic experiences, the Childhood Interpersonal Trauma Inventory (CITI), by evaluating whether the CITI provides important additional information compared to a gold standard measure of childhood trauma.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The sample consisted of 2,518 adults who completed the CITI and self-reported measures of trauma (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; CTQ) and psychiatric symptoms (PTSD Checklist for DSM-5; Kessler Psychological Distress Scale; Dissociative Experiences Scale).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>First, the sensitivity to properly detect participants having been exposed to childhood maltreatment, as measured by the CTQ (here used as the gold standard), ranged between 64.81% and 88.71%, and the specificity ranged between 68.55% and 89.54%. Second, hierarchical regressions showed that the CITI predicted between 5.6 and 14.0% of the variance in psychiatric symptoms while the CTQ only captured a very small additional part of variance (0.3 to 0.7%). Finally, 25% (n = 407) of CTQ-negative participants screened positive at the CITI. The latter reported higher severity of psychiatric symptoms than participants without trauma, suggesting that the CITI permits the identification of adults exposed to significant traumas that remain undetected using other well-validated measures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings underscore the utility of the CITI for research purposes and the latter\u2019s equivalence to a gold standard self-reported questionnaire to predict negative outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1358475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T05:32:56Z","timestamp":1709184776000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Beyond abuse and neglect: validation of the childhood interpersonal trauma inventory in a community sample of adults"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Maxime","family":"Legendre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tristan","family":"Milot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Rousseau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roxanne","family":"Lemieux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Garon-Bissonnette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Berthelot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.131792","article-title":"Child abuse and mental disorders in Canada","volume":"186","author":"Afifi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-021-04327-x","article-title":"Cumulative childhood trauma and complex psychiatric symptoms in pregnant women and expecting men","volume":"22","author":"Garon-Bissonnette","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61706-7","article-title":"Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries","volume":"373","author":"Gilbert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045005","article-title":"Child maltreatment and risk for psychopathology in childhood and adulthood","volume":"13","author":"Jaffee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e017900","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-017900","article-title":"Child maltreatment as a predictor of adult physical functioning in a prospective British birth cohort","volume":"7","author":"Archer","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-022-00527-1","article-title":"Personality functioning and the pathogenic effect of childhood maltreatment in a high-risk sample","volume":"16","author":"d'Huart","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000523667","article-title":"Social functioning in individuals affected by childhood maltreatment: Establishing a research agenda to inform interventions","volume":"91","author":"Pfaltz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579418001542","article-title":"Maternal history of childhood maltreatment and later parenting behavior: A meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Savage","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.07.037","article-title":"The intergenerational transmission of child maltreatment: A three-level meta-analysis","volume":"84","author":"Assink","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13147","article-title":"Annual Research Review: Umbrella synthesis of meta-analyses on child maltreatment antecedents and interventions: Differential susceptibility perspective on risk and resilience","volume":"61","author":"van IJzendoorn","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010416-044208","article-title":"Hidden Wounds? 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