{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T01:50:36Z","timestamp":1788918636678,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cardiac patients experience various somatic and psychosocial symptoms and stress is an important prognostic factor of cardiac rehabilitation. This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the 12-item Cardiac Distress Inventory \u2013 Short Form (CDI-SF) in the Chinese context.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 227 patients with cardiac diseases were recruited in a specialist outpatient clinic in Hong Kong between Aug 2022 and July 2023. The participants completed the CDI-SF and validated measures on psychosocial functioning and quality of life. Exploratory factor analysis and partial correlation analysis were conducted to examine the factorial validity, reliability, and convergent validity of the CDI-SF with reference to validating measures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The 1-factor model showed adequate model fit with excellent composite reliability (\u03c9 = .92) and substantial factor loadings (\u03bb = .64 \u2013.94, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;.01). The CDI-SF factor was negatively associated with age (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = \u2013.21, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;.01) and showed positive and strong partial correlations (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = .59 \u2013.69, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;.01) with impact of event, depression, and burnout, and negative partial correlations (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = -.43 to -.54, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;.01) with resilience and quality of life.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study provides the first results on the psychometric properties of the CDI-SF among cardiac patients in Hong Kong. The psychometric results support the CDI-SF as a precise, valid, and reliable measure of cardiac distress in the Chinese context.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1412264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T17:14:20Z","timestamp":1734455660000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Psychometric validation of the Cardiac Distress Inventory - Short Form among people with cardiac diseases in Hong Kong"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ted C. T.","family":"Fong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian C. H.","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun Ka","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alun C.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rainbow Tin Hung","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circoutcomes.118.005375","article-title":"Mortality from ischemic heart disease analysis of data from the world health organization and coronary artery disease risk factors from NCD risk factor collaboration","volume":"12","author":"Nowbar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation-Cardiovascular Qual Outcomes"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.03010","article-title":"Anxiety and depression after a cardiac event: prevalence and predictors","volume":"10","author":"Murphy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2016-311097","article-title":"Persistent psychological distress and mortality in patients with stable coronary artery disease","volume":"103","author":"Stewart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/bjca.2018.13.6.286","article-title":"What is cardiac distress and how should we measure it","volume":"13","author":"Jackson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Cardiac Nursing"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700021644","article-title":"A scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire","volume":"9","author":"Goldberg","year":"1979","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-842X.2001.tb00310.x","article-title":"Interpreting scores on the kessler psychological distress scale (K10)","volume":"25","author":"Andrews","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aust New Z J Public Health"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad514","article-title":"Placing patient-reported outcomes at the centre of cardiovascular clinical practice: implications for quality of care and management: A statement of the ESC Association of Cardiovascular Nursing and Allied Professions (ACNAP), the Association for Acute CardioVascular Care (ACVC), European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI), European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC), Heart Failure Association (HFA), European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA), European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI), ESC Regulatory Affairs Committee, ESC Advocacy Committee, ESC Digital Health Committee, ESC Education Committee, and the ESC Patient Forum","volume":"44","author":"Moons","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.808904","article-title":"Unraveling the complexity of cardiac distress: A study of prevalence and severity","volume":"13","author":"Jackson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-034946","article-title":"Protocol for the development and validation of a measure of persistent psychological and emotional distress in cardiac patients: the Cardiac Distress Inventory","volume":"10","author":"Jackson","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2016.04.018","article-title":"Psychosocial screening and assessment practice within cardiac rehabilitation: A survey of cardiac rehabilitation coordinators in Australia","volume":"26","author":"Jackson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heart Lung Circulation"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-022-02897-y","article-title":"The cardiac distress inventory: A new measure of psychosocial distress associated with an acute cardiac event","volume":"22","author":"Jackson","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-023-03439-w","article-title":"Development of a short form of the Cardiac Distress Inventory","volume":"23","author":"Le Grande","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13995-z","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease risk prediction models in the Chinese population- a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17041265","article-title":"Validity of the brief resilience scale and brief resilient coping scale in a chinese sample","volume":"17","author":"Fung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2753.2010.01434.x","article-title":"Translation, adaptation and validation of instruments or scales for use in cross-cultural health care research: a clear and user-friendly guideline","volume":"17","author":"Sousa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Eval Clin Pract"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-003-0611-x","article-title":"The development of the Chinese version of Impact of Event Scale \u2013 Revised (CIES-R)","volume":"38","author":"Wu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2014.05.021","article-title":"Reliability and validity\u00a0of the Chinese version of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) in the general population","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.872436","article-title":"Validity and psychometric evaluation of the chinese version of the 5-item WHO well-being index","volume":"10","author":"Fung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980.2013.781498","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the copenhagen burnout inventory\u2014Chinese version","volume":"148","author":"Fong","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Psychol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029315","article-title":"When can categorical variables be treated as continuous? A comparison of robust continuous and categorical SEM estimation methods under suboptimal conditions","volume":"17","author":"Rhemtulla","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"B21","volume-title":"Statistical analysis with missing data","author":"Little","year":"2019"},{"key":"B22","volume-title":"Mplus user's guide","author":"Muth\u00e9n","year":"2017"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM1001_6","article-title":"Revisiting sample size and number of parameter estimates: some support for the N:q hypothesis","volume":"10","author":"Jackson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Struct Equation Modeling: A Multidiscip J"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Struct Equation Modeling"},{"key":"B25","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1988"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2023.2229235","article-title":"Associations between COVID-19 mental impact and distress, resilience, burnout and well-being in Hong Kong community adults: A structural equation model","volume":"28","author":"Fong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol Health Med"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-022-00320-7","article-title":"Discrimination experiences, resilience, and cardiovascular disease risk factors among sexual minority women","volume":"45","author":"Foley","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Behav Med"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.817298","article-title":"Psychological resilience, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic disturbances: A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Ghulam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1474515116640412","article-title":"Low psychological resilience is associated with depression in patients with cardiovascular disease","volume":"16","author":"Toukhsati","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiovasc Nursing"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0001069","article-title":"Multilevel resilience resources and cardiovascular disease in the United States: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.919078","article-title":"Indirect effects of social support and hope on quality of life via emotional distress among stroke survivors: A three-wave structural equation model","volume":"13","author":"Fong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5276","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12165276","article-title":"Analysis of cardiac events and the subsequent impact for geriatric patients undergoing hip fracture surgeries","volume":"12","author":"Chao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0001079","article-title":"Psychometric validation of the Chinese Health Questionnaire among young people in Hong Kong across 2018 and 2019","volume":"34","author":"Fong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol Assessment"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1127070","article-title":"Association between quarantine and sleep disturbance in Hong Kong adults: The mediating role of COVID-19 mental impact and distress","volume":"14","author":"Fong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.06.105","article-title":"Psychological responses to the COVID-19 pandemic and situational impact: A network analysis in Hong Kong residents","volume":"362","author":"Fong","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1412264\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T17:14:22Z","timestamp":1734455662000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1412264\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1412264"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1412264","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"article-number":"1412264"}}