{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:28:15Z","timestamp":1787027295432,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021856","name":"Ministero dell'Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021856","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can be a potential therapeutic tool for the treatment of addiction, thanks to its ability to non-invasively modulate cortical excitability. In the present study, we investigated the short- and the long-term rTMS effects on craving behaviour and psychopathological symptoms in a sample of individuals suffering from gambling and cocaine use disorder.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>42 individuals (age: 40.7 \u00b1 9.5 years; 40 M) underwent an initial screening testing craving behaviour, by means of visual analogue scales, and psychopathological symptoms, by means of Symptom Checklist-90-R. Participants were subsequently assigned to a real or sham (placebo) rTMS treatment of 2 weeks delivered over the left dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex. To assess the short- and long-term effects of rTMS, participants were evaluated again after 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 weeks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After an initial similar trend in the craving behaviour of the two groups, our trend analysis showed a long-lasting decrease (until 24 weeks) in the real-rTMS group, following a linear trend (p&amp;lt;0.001); whereas the sham-rTMS group progressively returned to the initial level after about 12 weeks, following a quadratic trend (p&amp;lt;0.001). In addition, we observed moderate-to-strong correlations (0.4&amp;lt;rho&amp;lt;1) showing that placebo effects of rTMS were stronger in individuals showing higher level of psychopathological symptoms for the first 4 weeks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results supported a long-term rTMS efficacy for cocaine and gambling craving, for which evidence was still lacking, and the correlation of short-lasting placebo effects and psychopathological symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1441815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T10:28:07Z","timestamp":1742552887000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Trend-analysis reveals real and placebo rtms effects on addiction craving: a case-control observational study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Elias Paolo","family":"Casula","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Chieco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalini Maria","family":"Papaioannou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Frizzarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Rocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arianna","family":"Camporese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)00104-8","article-title":"Neurobiology of addiction: a neurocircuitry analysis","volume":"3","author":"Koob","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar.53.1.4","article-title":"Advancing addiction treatment: what can we learn from animal studies","volume":"53","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"ILAR J"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2009.09.101","article-title":"A ventral tegmental CRF\u2013glutamate\u2013dopamine interaction in addiction","volume":"1314","author":"Wise","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2013.261","article-title":"The development and maintenance of drug addiction","volume":"39","author":"Wise","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1080\/15265160601063969","article-title":"The neurobiology of addiction: implications for voluntary control of behavior","volume":"7","author":"Hyman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Bioeth"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3119","article-title":"Dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex in addiction: neuroimaging findings and clinical implications","volume":"12","author":"Goldstein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0525-z","article-title":"Reward circuitry in addiction","volume":"14","author":"Cooper","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12111546","article-title":"Pharmacological treatments for cocaine craving: what is the way forward? 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