{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T17:18:13Z","timestamp":1793467093397,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Behavioral inhibition is a temperamental factor that increases the risk of internalizing disorders. Therefore, the identification of highly inhibited children is of great importance. However, informant discrepancies make this process difficult. In a cluster analytic approach, we aimed to use both parent and teacher reports of behavioral inhibition in order to gain a more detailed picture about children\u2019s behavioral inhibition in different contexts and to characterize highly inhibited children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Parents and teachers of 318 preschool children completed a questionnaire, which included the Behavioral Inhibition Questionnaire (BIQ) and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Parents also reported their parenting behavior on the Multidimensional Assessment of Parenting Questionnaire (MAPS). A two-step cluster analysis was conducted on BIQ parent and teacher reports, and the resulting clusters were compared on the SDQ externalizing and internalizing subscales. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted separately for girls and boys to predict cluster membership based on the MAPS hostility, lax control and physical control subscales.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Four clusters were identified, labelled as medium-low (ML), low-elevated (LE), elevated-elevated (EE) and high-high (HH), based on the levels of BIQ parent and teacher reports, respectively. In the HH cluster, mean scores of the SDQ internalizing subscales as reported by parents and teachers were significantly higher, and in boys but not in girls, mean scores of the SDQ externalizing subscale as reported by teachers were lower than in the other clusters. High levels of hostility predicted group membership of HH compared to LE and EE in both genders. Furthermore, in boys, lax control and physical control were also found to be significant when comparing HH to EE and LE, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results suggest that the joint use of parent and teacher reports on behavioral inhibition may increase the ability to identify highly inhibited children at risk of developing internalizing disorders and add to our understanding of the underpinnings of children\u2019s inhibited behavior in different contexts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1457479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T09:11:42Z","timestamp":1732525902000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The discrepancies in parent and teacher reports of children\u2019s behavioral inhibition provide domain-specific information about psychopathology and parenting"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"R\u00f3za S\u00e1ra","family":"Sulyok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00f3nika","family":"Mikl\u00f3si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"No\u00e9mi","family":"K\u00e1rp\u00e1ti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Szandra","family":"Gy\u00f6re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brigitta","family":"Szab\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1129793","article-title":"Behavioral inhibition to the unfamiliar","volume":"55","author":"Kagan","year":"1984","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s40894-018-0092-5","article-title":"Developmental pathways from early behavioral inhibition to later anxiety: an integrative review of developmental psychopathology research and translational implications","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adolesc Res Rev"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579407000363","article-title":"Behavioral inhibition and anxiety disorders: multiple levels of a resilience process","volume":"19","author":"Degnan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1130685","article-title":"The physiology and psychology of behavioral inhibition in children","volume":"58","author":"Kagan","year":"1987","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.55.090902.141532","article-title":"Behavioral inhibition: linking biology and behavior within a developmental framework","volume":"56","author":"Fox","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-022-03247-z","article-title":"The influence of parental variables and child behavioral inhibition on social anxiety in preschool children: The moderator effects of gender","volume":"42","author":"Fernandes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1467-8624.2003.00645.x","article-title":"Can parents and teachers provide a reliable and valid report of behavioral inhibition","volume":"74","author":"Bishop","year":"2003","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2012.08.002","article-title":"Behavioral inhibition and risk for developing social anxiety disorder: a meta-analytic study","volume":"51","author":"Clauss","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13702","article-title":"Annual Research Review: Developmental pathways linking early behavioral inhibition to later anxiety","volume":"64","author":"Fox","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-devpsych-120621-043722","article-title":"Two-hit model of behavioral inhibition and anxiety","volume":"5","author":"Ostlund","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu Rev Dev Psychol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-019-00588-5","article-title":"Prospective association between childhood behavioral inhibition and anxiety: a meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Sandstrom","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-011-0250-5","article-title":"Who should report abnormal behavior at preschool age? 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