{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T07:19:28Z","timestamp":1768202368945,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a common treatment for depression, particularly in patients unresponsive to conventional therapies. High-frequency (10 Hz), low-frequency (1 Hz), or bilateral (left, high-frequency; right, low-frequency) stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) has been demonstrated to be effective in studies based on prefrontal asymmetry theory, which suggests that depression is associated with reduced left frontal function and increased right frontal function. However, few reliable predictors or biomarkers are available for personalizing treatment protocols on the basis of a patient\u2019s brain function. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), a noninvasive neuroimaging tool that assesses functional changes in the brain during cognitive tasks, can measure a patient\u2019s bilateral frontal lobe function in real time. Thus, this tool can aid the development of personalized TMS protocols for patients with depression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A 19-year-old woman presented to our psychiatric clinic with bipolar depression. NIRS was performed to select an appropriate TMS protocol for the patient. A verbal fluency test revealed bilateral low frontal lobe function. Thus, we selected a TMS protocol involving 10 sessions of bilateral high-frequency stimulation over 4 days, with each session delivering 3000 pulses on each side of the DLPFC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Before treatment, the patient\u2019s scores on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Young Mania Rating Scale were 40, 57, 40, and 6, respectively. After treatment, her depressive symptoms substantially improved, with HAMD, BDI, and BAI scores decreasing to 17, 21, and 14, respectively. Although the treatment led to side effects such as dizziness and headache, these effects resolved after the treatment. At the 6-month follow-up, the patient\u2019s condition was still stable, with HAMD, BDI, and BAI scores of 10, 13, and 7, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our case suggests that NIRS can guide the selection of appropriate TMS protocols for patients with bipolar depression. Although our findings are promising, further randomized controlled trials are needed to validate the efficacy and safety of and determine the optimal parameters for this approach.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1514153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T07:22:40Z","timestamp":1737357760000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Near-infrared spectroscopy\u2013guided personalized repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for bipolar depression: a case 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