{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T11:35:06Z","timestamp":1792409706844,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study investigates age-related differences in Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) traits and childhood maltreatment (CM) experiences among adolescents, young adults, and older adults within a clinical sample.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional design was employed, involving 2029 outpatients aged 15-50 years from the Shanghai Mental Health Center. BPD traits were assessed using the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire 4th Edition Plus (PDQ-4+), and CM experiences were evaluated using the Child Trauma Questionnaire Short Form (CTQ-SF). Participants were categorized into three age groups: adolescents (15-21 years), young adults (22-30 years), and older adults (31-50 years).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Adolescents reported significantly higher frequencies of BPD traits and diagnoses compared to young adults and older adults (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.036). Specifically, identity disturbance and impulsivity were more pronounced in adolescents (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt;0.001). Additionally, adolescents reported higher levels of emotional (\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      =15.987,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt;0.001) and physical abuse (\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      =12.942,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.002), while older adults reported higher levels of emotional and physical neglect. Logistic regression analysis identified key BPD criteria and CM subtypes that differentiated adolescents from adults.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings underscore the importance of age-specific interventions in treating BPD and addressing childhood maltreatment. Adolescents exhibit distinct patterns of BPD traits and CM experiences, necessitating tailored therapeutic approaches.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1454328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T02:17:13Z","timestamp":1737512233000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Age-related differences in borderline personality disorder traits and childhood maltreatment: a cross-sectional 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