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Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Conduct disorder (CD) is highly prevalent among youth, yet existing and conventional treatment approaches are limited and costly. Further, most interventions for CD focus on behavior management rather than targeting the underlying mechanisms of CD. To meet the needs of youth with CD (ages 10-17), we developed Impact VR, a virtual reality intervention that promotes competency in emotion recognition and regulation, as well as modeling prosocial behaviors. Impact VR provides immersive storylines and gamification of psychoeducation training. The present study aimed to understand the perceptions of Impact VR for acceptability, feasibility, and usability across key stakeholder groups, including youth with CD, caregivers of youth with CD, mental health practitioners, and educators.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 60 adults, including mental health professionals (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=20), teachers (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=20), caregivers (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=20), and 20 youth with CD completed a trial of Impact VR and completed surveys.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Results demonstrated a high overall acceptability of Impact VR (95% - 100%) across all groups, and a high approval rating for intervention appropriateness (98.75% - 100%) and feasibility of the intervention (97.50% - 100%) across stakeholder groups. The majority of youth (90%-100%) reported that the skills learned would improve their mental health and relationships with friends, parents, and teachers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Findings revealed that youth with CD and key stakeholder groups rate Impact VR favorably and positively. Future research is needed on the effectiveness of Impact VR in improving emotion recognition and reducing CD symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1484938","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T05:39:14Z","timestamp":1746077954000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A new treatment approach to conduct disorder and callous-unemotional traits: an assessment of the acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility of Impact VR"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Nicholas D.","family":"Thomson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salpi S.","family":"Kevorkian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Hazlett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Perera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Vrana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12186","article-title":"The global burden of conduct disorder and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in 2010","volume":"55","author":"Erskine","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B2","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","year":"2022"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi_2018_32_349","article-title":"Emotional intelligence in incarcerated female offenders with psychopathic traits","volume":"33","author":"Edwards","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pers Disord"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027328","article-title":"Emotional intelligence in incarcerated men with psychopathic traits","volume":"103","author":"Ermer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-013-9726-z","article-title":"Individual, social, and behavioral factors associated with co-occurring conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits","volume":"41","author":"Fanti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Abnormal Child Psychol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.09.022","article-title":"Understanding heterogeneity in conduct disorder: A review of psychophysiological studies","volume":"91","author":"Fanti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2011.10.005","article-title":"The clinical utility of the proposed DSM-5 callous-unemotional subtype of conduct disorder in young girls","volume":"51","author":"Pardini","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000189","article-title":"The youth psychopathic traits inventory-short version in a general population sample of emerging adults","volume":"28","author":"Colins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033076","article-title":"Can callous-unemotional traits enhance the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of serious conduct problems in children and adolescents? 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