{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:22:11Z","timestamp":1791246131826,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":204,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sleep disorders are highly prevalent in the general population and are considered a major public health issue. Insomnia constitutes the most frequent sleep disorder in healthy individuals and has been shown to be even more frequent in patients with physical illnesses including cardiovascular diseases. Inadequate sleep quality and short sleep duration, independent of underlying causes, have been linked to the development and progression of cardiometabolic disorders. Additionally, insomnia has been found to be associated with adverse outcome measures, including daytime sleepiness, fatigue, decreased self-reported physical functioning, lower exercise capacity, poor health related quality of life, depressive symptoms, higher rates of hospitalization and increased mortality in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Against this background, comparatively little information is available in the literature regarding the treatment of chronic insomnia in cardiac patient populations. While guidelines for the general population suggest cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia as a first-line treatment option and preliminary evidence suggests this treatment to be beneficial in cardiac patients with insomnia symptoms, it is often limited by availability and possibly the clinician\u2019s poor understanding of sleep issues in cardiac patients. Therefore, pharmacologic treatment remains an important option indicated by the high number of hypnotic drug prescriptions in the general population and in patients with cardiovascular disorders. In this narrative review of the literature, we summarize treatment options for chronic insomnia based on clinical guidelines for the general population and highlight necessary considerations for the treatment of patients with cardiovascular diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1490585","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T07:08:23Z","timestamp":1739430503000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Pharmacological and psychological approaches to insomnia treatment in cardiac patients: a narrative literature review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Britta","family":"Stapel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlies E.","family":"Alvarenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai G.","family":"Kahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S134864","article-title":"Short- and long-term health consequences of sleep disruption","volume":"9","author":"Medic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2015.10.004","article-title":"National sleep foundation\u2019s updated sleep duration recommendations: final report","volume":"1","author":"Hirshkowitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Health"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6506a1","article-title":"Prevalence of healthy sleep duration among adults\u2013United States, 2014","volume":"65","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"B4","first-page":"11","article-title":"Why sleep matters-the economic costs of insufficient sleep: A cross-country comparative analysis","volume":"6","author":"Hafner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rand Health Q"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2010.300014","article-title":"The medicalization of sleeplessness: A public health concern","volume":"101","author":"Moloney","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17241\/smr.2011.2.1.1","article-title":"Epidemiological overview of sleep disorders in the general population","volume":"2","author":"Ohayon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep Med Res"},{"key":"B7","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: Dsm-5-Tr, Fifth Edition, Text Revision","year":"2022"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-0970","article-title":"International classification of sleep disorders-third edition: highlights and modifications","volume":"146","author":"Sateia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B9","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"2013"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.07.001","article-title":"The natural history of insomnia: focus on prevalence and incidence of acute insomnia","volume":"46","author":"Ellis","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1053\/smrv.2002.0186","article-title":"Epidemiology of insomnia: what we know and what we still need to learn","volume":"6","author":"Ohayon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2008.12.002","article-title":"Observation of the natural evolution of insomnia in the American general population cohort","volume":"4","author":"Ohayon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sleep Med Clin"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60750-2","article-title":"Chronic insomnia","volume":"379","author":"Morin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmw107","article-title":"High prevalence of insomnia and hypnotic use in patients visiting their general practitioner","volume":"34","author":"Bjorvatn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fam Pract"},{"key":"B15","first-page":"9","article-title":"Nisas-2000: the \u201cNationwide insomnia screening and awareness study\u201d. 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