{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:28:14Z","timestamp":1787027294036,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":190,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pathological narcissism (PN) is a complex, treatment-resistant disorder characterized by unstable self-esteem that fluctuates between grandiosity and vulnerability, complicating the formation of a stable self-image. With few empirically supported therapies, treatment has traditionally relied on long-term psychoanalytic approaches, but these often face high attrition. Recent research suggests a potential therapeutic synergy between psychedelics and psychoanalytic therapy, offering a novel approach to addressing entrenched personality structures. Studies on MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine), a compound known for enhancing empathy, trust, and social interactions, demonstrate potential to reopen critical periods for social learning in adults, offering the possibility of therapeutic benefits for conditions with core issues in relatedness, such as PN. MDMA promotes psychological flexibility and openness, allowing for deeper self-exploration and strengthening the observing ego, considered in psychoanalytic therapy to be an essential component for recognizing and modifying maladaptive patterns. By reducing fear-based avoidance in the brain, MDMA facilitates access to unconscious emotions, helping individuals process overwhelming feelings linked to early relational trauma commonly seen in PN. Additionally, MDMA\u2019s capacity to enhance compassion and empathy can fortify the therapeutic alliance, increasing its potential to facilitate relational change. This paper presents an MDMA-assisted therapy (MDMA-AT) tailored for narcissistic patients which is currently being conducted as an investigator-initiated trial (IIT). It explores the model\u2019s theoretical foundations, mechanisms of change, treatment framework, and clinical challenges. Combining MDMA with an evidence-based depth therapy like psychoanalytic psychotherapy may offer an innovative treatment for conditions associated with attachment and developmental trauma, particularly personality disorders. While the role of psychotherapy in psychedelic treatments remains a topic of debate, with some proposing psychedelics be administered without psychotherapy, we assert that individuals with early relational trauma stand the most to gain from an integrated psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) model, where MDMA enhances the therapeutic alliance and emotional openness while psychoanalytic interventions provide the structure for lasting change.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1529427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T05:20:23Z","timestamp":1743571223000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Psychoanalytically informed MDMA-assisted therapy for pathological narcissism: a novel theoretical approach"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Alexa E.","family":"Albert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony L.","family":"Back","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.20230681","article-title":"MDMA and MDMA-assisted therapy","volume":"182","author":"Wolfgang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.115.011478","article-title":"Psychedelics","volume":"68","author":"Nichols","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2024.115960","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of psilocybin on treatment-resistant depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"337","author":"Fang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2023.07.011","article-title":"Psilocybin-assisted therapy for depression: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of human studies","volume":"76","author":"Perez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.09.168","article-title":"Psychedelic therapy for depressive symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"322","author":"Ko","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02565-4","article-title":"MDMA-assisted therapy for moderate to severe PTSD: A randomized, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial","volume":"29","author":"Mitchell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.v62.4","article-title":"MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"62","author":"Smith","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-025-00629-8","article-title":"Psychedelics in the treatment of substance use disorders and addictive behaviors: a scoping review","volume":"12","author":"Richard","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Addict Rep"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1183740","article-title":"Psychedelic therapy in the treatment of addiction: the past, present and future","volume":"14","author":"Zafar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1083354","article-title":"Social anxiety and MDMA-assisted therapy investigation: a novel clinical trial protocol","volume":"10","author":"Lear","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43440-024-00633-1","article-title":"Psilocybin in pharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"76","author":"Owe-Larsson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rep"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.20230914","article-title":"Primum non nocere: The onus to characterize the potential harms of psychedelic treatment","volume":"182","author":"Ghaznavi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.11.029","article-title":"Studies with psychedelic drugs in human volunteers","volume":"142","author":"Sellers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/foc.3.3.363","article-title":"Psychodynamic approaches to personality disorders","volume":"3","author":"Gabbard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Focus"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61995-4","article-title":"Classification, assessment, prevalence, and effect of personality disorder","volume":"385","author":"Tyrer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.7.600","article-title":"Childhood maltreatment increases risk for personality disorders during early adulthood","volume":"56","author":"Johnson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811241232548","article-title":"Psychiatric risks for worsened mental health after psychedelic use","volume":"38","author":"Marrocu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcbs.2019.11.001","article-title":"Exploring the case for research on incorporating psychedelics within interventions for borderline personality disorder","volume":"15","author":"Zeifman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Contextual Behav Sci"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715002901","article-title":"The paradoxical psychological effects of lysergic acid diethylamide LSD","volume":"46","author":"Carhart-Harris","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291718001356","article-title":"Rapid antidepressant effects of the psychedelic ayahuasca in treatment-resistant depression: A randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"49","author":"Palhano-Fontes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.19010035","article-title":"Psychedelics and psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy","volume":"177","author":"Reiff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.573953","article-title":"Treatment of a complex personality disorder using repeated doses of LSD-A case report on significant improvements in the absence of acute drug effects","volume":"11","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4203641\/v1","article-title":"The effect of psychedelics on individuals with a personality disorder: results from two prospective cohort studies","author":"Gordon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Res Square [Preprint]"},{"key":"B24","article-title":"Psychedelic therapy for personality disorders","author":"Atalay","year":"","journal-title":"Psychedelic Support"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17756\/jas.2022-057","article-title":"Could psychedelics treat personality disorders","volume":"8","author":"Iliff","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Addict Sci"},{"key":"B26","volume-title":"Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder","author":"Linehan","year":"1993"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021015","article-title":"Dialectical behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder: a meta-analysis using mixed-effects modeling","volume":"78","author":"Kliem","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"B28","article-title":"Transference-focused psychotherapy and borderline personality disorder","volume-title":"Psychodynamic psychotherapy for personality disorders: a clinical handbook","author":"Yeomans","year":"2023"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psychotherapy.20210019","article-title":"Mentalization-based treatment for a physician with borderline personality disorder","volume":"75","author":"Drozek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Psychother"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.61838\/kman.jayps.5.5.11","article-title":"The effectiveness of schema therapy on impulsivity, sexual variety seeking, and anxiety in borderline patients","volume":"5","author":"Mazloumi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2024.105570","article-title":"Who are you after psychedelics? A systematic review and a meta-analysis of the magnitude of long-term effects of serotonergic psychedelics on cognition\/creativity, emotional processing and personality","volume":"158","author":"Solaja","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-017-4701-y","article-title":"Psychedelics and connectedness","volume":"235","author":"Carhart-Harris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.2018.138.issue-5","article-title":"Effects of psilocybin therapy on personality structure","volume":"138","author":"Erritzoe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881111420188","article-title":"Mystical experiences occasioned by the hallucinogen psilocybin lead to increases in the personality domain of openness","volume":"25","author":"MacLean","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.20230887","article-title":"Multidimensional personality changes following psilocybin-assisted therapy in patients with alcohol use disorder: results from a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"182","author":"Pagni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.20230902","article-title":"Psychedelics for the treatment of psychiatric disorders: Interpreting and translating available evidence","volume":"182","author":"McIntyre","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/2054.2023.00196","article-title":"MDMA-assisted therapy for borderline personality disorder","volume":"7","author":"Inouye","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Psychedelic Stud"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.focus.20220056","article-title":"MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder","volume":"20","author":"Traynor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ)"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2023.37.2.131","article-title":"Examining the therapeutic effect of ceremonial ayahuasca on narcissistic personality and antagonistic externalizing in adults","volume":"37","author":"Weiss","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pers Disord"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881120959604","article-title":"Acute subjective effects in LSD- and MDMA-assisted psychotherapy","volume":"35","author":"Schmid","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"B41","first-page":"3","article-title":"Psycholytic therapy with MDMA and LSD in Switzerland","volume":"5","author":"Gasser","year":"1995","journal-title":"MAPS Bull"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131215","article-title":"Pathological narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder","volume":"6","author":"Pincus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/psych.2014.59124","article-title":"What is narcissistic personality disorder? Lay theories of narcissism","volume":"5","author":"Wright","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychology"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v69n0701","article-title":"Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV narcissistic personality disorder: results from the Wave 2 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions","volume":"69","author":"Stinson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2014.14060723","article-title":"Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Diagnostic and clinical challenges","volume":"172","author":"Caligor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2009.09.003","article-title":"Prevalence and treatment of narcissistic personality disorder in the community: a systematic review","volume":"51","author":"Dhawan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380221147559","article-title":"The association between child maltreatment and pathological narcissism: A three-level meta-analytic review","volume":"25","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-024-06307-9","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences leading to narcissistic personality disorder: a case report","volume":"24","author":"Ross","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260520984404","article-title":"Childhood maltreatment and narcissism: the mediating role of dissociation","volume":"37","author":"Bertele","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"key":"B50","first-page":"47","volume-title":"Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual","author":"Lingiardi","year":"2017"},{"key":"B51","article-title":"The disorders of the self and their treatment: An outline","volume":"59","author":"Kohut","year":"1978","journal-title":"Int J Psychoanal"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15299732.2024.2429465","article-title":"Betrayal trauma and personality pathology: an integrated review","volume":"26","author":"Yalch","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Pers Disord"},{"key":"B53","article-title":"Ego distortion in terms of true and false self","volume-title":"The maturational processes and the facilitating environment","author":"Winnicott","year":"1965"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000031","article-title":"Narcissistic grandiosity and narcissistic vulnerability in psychotherapy","volume":"5","author":"Pincus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pers Disord"},{"key":"B55","volume-title":"Borderline conditions and pathological narcissism","author":"Kernberg","year":"1975"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.676733","article-title":"Narcissistic personality disorder: Are psychodynamic theories and the alternative DSM-5 model for personality disorders finally going to meet","volume":"12","author":"Schalkwijk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2005.00371.x","article-title":"Discrepancies between implicit and explicit self-esteem: Implications for narcissism and self-esteem instability","volume":"74","author":"Zeigler-Hill","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pers"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2013.05.017","article-title":"Gray matter abnormalities in patients with narcissistic personality disorder","volume":"47","author":"Schulze","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2020.34.supp.122","article-title":"Dos and don\u2019ts in treatments of patients with narcissistic personality disorder","volume":"34","author":"Weinberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pers Disord"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.focus.20220052","article-title":"Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Progress in understanding and treatment","volume":"20","author":"Weinberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Focus"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bja.2018.20","article-title":"Current understanding of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder","volume":"24","author":"Yakeley","year":"2018","journal-title":"BJ Psych Adv"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-92171-6_34","article-title":"Narcissism and romantic relationships","volume-title":"Handbook of trait narcissism: Key advances, research methods, and controversies","author":"Foster","year":"2018"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407520939190","article-title":"Narcissism and mate retention behaviors: What strategies do narcissistic individuals use to maintain their romantic relationships","volume":"37","author":"Zeigler-Hill","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Soc Pers Relat"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2019.04.025","article-title":"How do narcissists get what they want from their romantic partners? The connections that narcissistic admiration and narcissistic rivalry have with influence strategies","volume":"147","author":"Sauls","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-024-05683-5","article-title":"Parental pathological narcissism and child depression: the indirect effects of child attachment and perspective taking","volume":"43","author":"Hewitt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"key":"B66","article-title":"Loving a narcissist can be detrimental to your health","volume-title":"Psychology Today","author":"Degges-White","year":"2024"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01612840.2019.1590485","article-title":"Recognizing narcissistic abuse and the implications for mental health nursing practice","volume":"40","author":"Howard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Issues Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"B68","article-title":"How parental narcissism impacts child mental health","volume-title":"Psychology Today","author":"Emamzadeh","year":"2024"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-022-00380-8","article-title":"Narcissism and suicide risk","volume":"21","author":"Gabbard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.23598","article-title":"Building hope for treatment of narcissistic personality disorder","volume":"80","author":"Weinberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2020.34.supp.143","article-title":"Principles of psychodynamic treatment for patients with narcissistic personality disorder","volume":"34","author":"Crisp","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pers Disord"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118093108.ch42","article-title":"Treatment of narcissistic personality disorder symptoms in a dialectical behavior therapy framework: a discussion and case example","author":"Reed-Knight","year":"2011","journal-title":"The handbook of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder: theoretical approaches, empirical findings, and treatments"},{"key":"B73","volume-title":"Treating pathological narcissism with transference-focused psychotherapy","author":"Diamond","year":"2021"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psychotherapy.20210017","article-title":"A mentalizing approach for narcissistic personality disorder: Moving toward integrated treatment","volume":"75","author":"Choi-Kain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Psychother"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2020.34.supp.177177","article-title":"Mentalization-based treatment for pathological narcissism","volume":"34","author":"Drozek","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pers Disord"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118093108.ch40","volume-title":"Schema therapy for narcissism: A practitioner\u2019s guide to conceptualization and treatment","author":"Behary","year":"2011"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1192\/bja.2024.30","article-title":"Pharmacological management of personality disorders: from evidence to practice","author":"V\u00f6llm","year":"2024","journal-title":"BJ Psych Adv"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2023.37.3.337","article-title":"Narcissistic personality disorder: patterns, processes, and indicators of change in long-term psychotherapy","volume":"51","author":"Ronningstam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychodyn Psychiatry"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811241265352","article-title":"Methylenedioxymethamphetamine is a connectogen with empathogenic, entactogenic, and still further connective properties: It is time to reconcile \u201cthe great entactogen-empathogen debate","volume":"38","author":"Stocker","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881116663120","article-title":"The effects of MDMA on socio-emotional processing: Does MDMA differ from other stimulants","volume":"30","author":"Bershad","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nst161","article-title":"MDMA enhances emotional empathy and prosocial behavior","volume":"9","author":"Hysek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc Cognit Affect Neurosci"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130000648","article-title":"Gender differences in the subjective effects of MDMA","volume":"154","author":"Liechti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/pharmrev.120.000056","article-title":"Psychedelics in psychiatry: neuroplastic, immunomodulatory, and neurotransmitter mechanisms","volume":"7373","author":"Inserra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-019-0569-3","article-title":"Distinct acute effects of LSD, MDMA, and d-amphetamine in healthy subjects","volume":"45","author":"Holze","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17470910802649470","article-title":"Increased oxytocin concentrations and prosocial feelings in humans after ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) administration","volume":"4","author":"Dumont","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soc Neurosci"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03701","article-title":"Oxytocin increases trust in humans","volume":"435","author":"Kosfeld","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06204-3","article-title":"Psychedelics reopen the social reward learning critical period","volume":"618","author":"Nardou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2014.12","article-title":"Effects of MDMA and intranasal oxytocin on social and emotional processing","volume":"39","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-009-1635-z","article-title":"Effects of MDMA on sociability and neural response to social threat and social reward","volume":"207","author":"Bedi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol (Berl)"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2015.138","article-title":"3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine facilitates fear extinction learning","volume":"5","author":"Young","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18010130","article-title":"Uncovering psychedelics: from neural circuits to therapeutic applications","volume":"18","author":"Melani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-020-0367-2","article-title":"Psychedelic drugs: neurobiology and potential for treatment of psychiatric disorders","volume":"21","author":"Vollenweider","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.05.022","article-title":"Psychedelics promote structural and functional neural plasticity","volume":"23","author":"Ly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881117725915","article-title":"Serotonin and brain function: a tale of two receptors","volume":"31","author":"Carhart-Harris","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/pen.2021.1","article-title":"Can neuroscience help to understand narcissism? A systematic review of an emerging field","volume":"4","author":"Jauk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Personal Neurosci"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsu072","article-title":"Narcissists\u2019 social pain seen only in the brain","volume":"10","author":"Cascio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc Cognit Affect Neurosci"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2024.149226","article-title":"Antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of activating 5-HT2A receptors in the anterior cingulate cortex and the theoretical mechanisms underlying them: a scoping review of available literature","volume":"1846","author":"Miranda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsy053","article-title":"Narcissism and risky decisions: A neurophysiological approach","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc Cognit Affect Neurosci"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pdps.2023.51.3.270","article-title":"Do psychedelics facilitate emergence of unconscious psychological processes","volume":"51","author":"Lindegaard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychodyn Psychiatry"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.07.004","article-title":"MDMA and PTSD treatment: PTSD: From novel pathophysiology to innovative therapeutics","volume":"649","author":"Sessa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.118.017160","article-title":"REBUS and the anarchic brain: Toward a unified model of the brain action of psychedelics","volume":"71","author":"Carhart-Harris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881110378371","article-title":"The safety and efficacy of \u00b13,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-assisted psychotherapy in subjects with chronic, treatment-resistant posttraumatic stress disorder: the first randomized controlled pilot study","volume":"25","author":"Mithoefer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1505894","article-title":"Psychedelics assisting therapy, or therapy assisting psychedelics? The importance of psychotherapy in psychedelic-assisted therapy","volume":"16","author":"Zamaria","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.20221043","article-title":"Must psilocybin always \u201cAssist psychotherapy\u201d","volume":"181","author":"Goodwin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239997","article-title":"The cost-effectiveness of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of chronic, treatment-resistant PTSD","volume":"15","author":"Marseille","year":"2022","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.887255","article-title":"Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy-A systematic review of associated psychological interventions","volume":"13","author":"Cavarra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.20230667","article-title":"Psychedelic-assisted therapy\u201d must not be retired","volume":"181","author":"Deckel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.20230572","article-title":"Psilocybin without psychotherapy: A cart without a horse","volume":"181","author":"Earleywine","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1505894","article-title":"Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy: a paradigm shift in psychiatric research and development","volume":"15","author":"Schenberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.873279","article-title":"Psychedelics and psychotherapy: Cognitive-behavioral approaches as default","volume":"13","author":"Yaden","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.866018","article-title":"Models of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy: A contemporary assessment and an introduction to EMBARK, a transdiagnostic, trans-drug model","volume":"13","author":"Brennan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcbs.2019.11.002","article-title":"Psilocybin-assisted therapy of major depressive disorder using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy as a therapeutic frame","volume":"15","author":"Sloshower","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cont. Behav Sci"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09687637.2024.2359444","article-title":"Psychoanalyst attitudes towards psychedelic-assisted therapy","volume":"1","author":"Kraiem","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drugs Educ Prev Policy"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/psymed.2023.0010","article-title":"American psychiatrists' opinions about classic hallucinogens and their potential therapeutic applications: a 7-year follow-up survey","volume":"2","author":"Barnett","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychedelic Med"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2018.0029","article-title":"The neurobiological underpinnings of psychoanalytic theory and therapy","volume":"12","author":"Solms","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq010","article-title":"The default-mode, ego-functions and free-energy: a neurobiological account of Freudian ideas","volume":"133","author":"Carhart-Harris","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B117","first-page":"56","article-title":"Revisiting the repetition compulsion: Danger and survival in early mental functioning","volume":"39","author":"Shepherd","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mod Psychoanal"},{"key":"B118","article-title":"Remembering, repeating and working-through (1914)","volume-title":"Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud","author":"Freud","year":"1958"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2017.17010057","article-title":"Psychodynamic therapy: as efficacious as other empirically supported treatments? A meta-analysis testing equivalence of outcomes","volume":"174","author":"Steinert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1192\/bji.2017.4","article-title":"The scientific standing of psychoanalysis","volume":"15","author":"Solms","year":"2018","journal-title":"BJPsych Int"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018378","article-title":"The efficacy of psychodynamic psychotherapy","volume":"65","author":"Shedler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.64.3.623","article-title":"Effectiveness of targeting the vulnerability factors of depression in cognitive therapy","volume":"64","author":"Hayes","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.61.2.306","article-title":"Comparing the process of psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral therapies","volume":"61","author":"Jones","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/00207578.2018.1533377","article-title":"How to measure sustained psychic transformations in long-term treatments of chronically depressed patients: symptomatic and structural changes in the LAC depression study of the outcome of cognitive-behavioural and psychoanalytic long-term treatments","volume":"100","author":"Leuzinger-Bohleber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Psychoanal"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clipsy.7.2.167","article-title":"Distinctive activities of short-term psychodynamic-interpersonal psychotherapy: A review of the comparative psychotherapy process literature","volume":"7","author":"Blagys","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci Pract"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00030651070550020501","article-title":"The rooting of the mind in the body: New links between attachment theory and psychoanalytic thought","volume":"55","author":"Fonagy","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Psychoanal Assoc"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1312-7297","article-title":"Psychedelics and psychotherapy","volume":"54","author":"Nayak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.v25.2","article-title":"The role of shame and self-compassion in psychotherapy for narcissistic personality disorder: An exploratory study","volume":"25","author":"Kramer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Psychother"},{"key":"B129","volume-title":"Metacognitive interpersonal therapy for personality disorders: A treatment manual","author":"Dimaggio","year":"2012"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10503300500536953","article-title":"Understanding minds: Different functions and different disorders? The contribution of psychotherapy research","volume":"17","author":"Semerari","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychother Res"},{"key":"B131","article-title":"The development of an understanding of self and agency","volume-title":"Affect regulation, mentalization and the development of the self","author":"Fonagy","year":"2002"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psychotherapy.20210017","article-title":"A mentalizing approach for narcissistic personality disorder: Moving from \u201cme-mode\u201d to \u201cwe-mode","volume":"75","author":"Choi-Kain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Psychother"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-017-0849-0","article-title":"Additive effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and compassionate imagery on self-compassion in recreational users of ecstasy","volume":"9","author":"Kamboj","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881117711712","article-title":"Therapeutic effect of increased openness: Investigating mechanism of action in MDMA-assisted psychotherapy","volume":"31","author":"Wagner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2019.1580805","article-title":"Perceived benefits of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy beyond symptom reduction: qualitative follow-up study of a clinical trial for individuals with treatment-resistant PTSD","volume":"51","author":"Barone","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881115626348","article-title":"Effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine on socioemotional feelings, authenticity, and autobiographical disclosure in healthy volunteers in a controlled setting","volume":"30","author":"Baggott","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0295926","article-title":"Effects of MDMA-assisted therapy for PTSD on self-experience","volume":"19","author":"van der Kolk","year":"2024","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00576-3","article-title":"Novel psychopharmacological therapies for psychiatric disorders: psilocybin and MDMA","volume":"3","author":"Mithoefer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145713001405","article-title":"The effect of acutely administered MDMA on subjective and BOLD-fMRI responses to favourite and worst autobiographical memories","volume":"17","author":"Carhart-Harris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pmh.1613","article-title":"Association between pathological narcissism and emotion regulation: The role of self-mentalizing","volume":"18","author":"Blay","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pers Ment Health"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2006.20.6.544","article-title":"The mentalization-focused approach to self pathology","volume":"20","author":"Fonagy","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pers Disord"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bja.2023.8","article-title":"The mourning process and its importance in mental illness: A psychoanalytic understanding of psychiatric diagnosis and classification","volume":"30","author":"Gibbons","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry Adv"},{"key":"B143","article-title":"Processes of mourning","volume":"42","author":"Bowlby","year":"1961","journal-title":"Int J Psychoanal"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000306516601400201","article-title":"Forms and transformations of narcissism","volume":"14","author":"Kohut","year":"1966","journal-title":"J Am Psychoanal Assoc"},{"key":"B145","article-title":"From grievance to grief: nnarcissism and the inability to mourn","volume":"22","author":"Frosch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can J Psychoanal"},{"key":"B146","volume-title":"NPD Basic: A brief overview of identifying, diagnosing, and treating Narcissistic Personality Disorder","author":"Ronningstam","year":"2021"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118093108.ch38","article-title":"Psychodynamic psychotherapy for narcissistic personality disorder","volume-title":"The Handbook of Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder","author":"Diamond","year":"2011"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-024-05865-2","article-title":"Mentalization based treatment for a broad range of personality disorders: a naturalistic study","volume":"24","author":"Rizzi","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2011.12.042","article-title":"Disturbed emotion recognition in patients with narcissistic personality disorder","volume":"198","author":"Marissen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-014-3570-x","article-title":"MDMA alters emotional processing and facilitates positive social interaction","volume":"231","author":"Wardle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00138","article-title":"A review of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy","volume":"10","author":"Sessa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881114542454","article-title":"Differential effects of MDMA and methylphenidate on social cognition","volume":"28","author":"Schmid","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.08.016","article-title":"The prosocial effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): Controlled studies in humans and laboratory animals","volume":"57","author":"Kamilar-Britt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.23652","article-title":"What do we need in order to successfully treat persons with pathological narcissism?","volume":"80","author":"Dimaggio","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2015.10.055","article-title":"Perceived agency mediates the link between the narcissistic subtypes and self-esteem","volume":"90","author":"Brown","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035753","article-title":"Treatment adherence: The importance of therapist flexibility in relation to therapy outcomes","volume":"61","author":"Owen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Couns Psychol"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881117699617","article-title":"Multifaceted empathy of healthy volunteers after single doses of MDMA: A pooled sample of placebo-controlled studies","volume":"31","author":"Kuypers","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01336-3","article-title":"MDMA-assisted therapy for severe PTSD: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study","volume":"27","author":"Mitchell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pst0000172","article-title":"The alliance in adult psychotherapy: A meta-analytic synthesis","volume":"55","author":"Fl\u00fcckiger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychotherapy"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022186","article-title":"Alliance in individual psychotherapy","volume":"48","author":"Horvath","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychotherapy"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.focus.20180022","article-title":"The therapeutic alliance: the fundamental element of psychotherapy","volume":"16","author":"Stubbe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Focus"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.38.2.139","article-title":"Relation between working alliance and outcome in psychotherapy: A meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Horvath","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Couns Psychol"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8341.1985.tb02626.x","article-title":"Narcissism and the narcissistic personality disorder: A comparison of the theories of Kernberg and Kohut","volume":"58","author":"Russell","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br J Med Psychol"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/00131746-200503000-00002","article-title":"The therapeutic alliance in the treatment of personality disorders","volume":"11","author":"Bender","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Pract"},{"key":"B165","first-page":"192","volume-title":"Treating pathological narcissism with transference-focused psychotherapy","author":"Diamond","year":"2022"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2020.101921","article-title":"Therapeutic alliance as a mediator of change: A systematic review and evaluation of research","volume":"82","author":"Baier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.2012.68.issue-8","article-title":"Alliance building and narcissistic personality disorder","volume":"68","author":"Ronningstam","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2018.06.008","article-title":"Attachment and psychotherapy","volume":"25","author":"Slade","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychol"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0300501","article-title":"The therapeutic alliance between study participants and intervention facilitators is associated with acute effects and clinical outcomes in a psilocybin-assisted therapy trial for major depressive disorder","volume":"19","author":"Levin","year":"2024","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.788155","article-title":"Therapeutic alliance and rapport modulate responses to psilocybin assisted therapy for depression","volume":"12","author":"Murphy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008066.2023.2297536","article-title":"Preliminary evidence for the importance of therapeutic alliance in MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"15","author":"Zeifman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.965641","article-title":"Therapeutic setting as an essential component of psychedelic research methodology: Reporting recommendations emerging from clinical trials of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine for post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"13","author":"Okano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B173","article-title":"The theory of the parent-infant relationship","volume":"41","author":"Winnicott","year":"1960","journal-title":"Int J Psychoanal"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881118754710","article-title":"Psychedelics and the essential importance of context","volume":"32","author":"Carhart-Harris","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"B175","volume-title":"Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire 4+ (PDQ-4+)","author":"Hyler","year":"1994"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pmh.v16.3","article-title":"Pathological narcissism: An analysis of interpersonal dysfunction within intimate relationships","volume":"16","author":"Day","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pers Ment Health"},{"key":"B177","article-title":"Module III: Structured Clinical Interview for Personality Disorders (Including Personality Disorder-Trait Specified)","volume-title":"Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-5 Alternative Model for Personality Disorders (SCID-AMPD)","author":"First","year":"2018"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000158","article-title":"Development of a brief version of the pathological narcissism inventory","volume":"27","author":"Schoenleber","year":"2015","journal-title":"psychol Assess"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.10111704","article-title":"The Columbia-suicide severity rating scale: Initial validity and internal consistency findings from three multi-study studies with adolescents and adults","volume":"168","author":"Posner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.08.091","article-title":"Validation of the Swiss Psychedelic Side Effects Inventory: Standardized assessment of adverse effects in studies of psychedelics and MDMA","volume":"365","author":"Calder","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000211","article-title":"Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: 2019 update to the 2018 guidelines for the early management of acute ischemic stroke: A guideline for healthcare professionals from the American heart association\/American stroke association","volume":"50","author":"Powers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.07.053","article-title":"AHA\/ACC\/ASE\/CHEST\/SAEM\/SCCT\/SCMR guideline for the evaluation and diagnosis of chest pain: A report of the American college of cardiology\/American heart association joint committee on clinical practice guidelines","volume":"78","author":"Gulati","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.2017.73.issue-12","article-title":"Experience of shame mediates the relationship between pathological narcissism and suicidal ideation in psychiatric outpatients","volume":"73","author":"Jaksic","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sjop.12730","article-title":"Emotion dysregulation acts in the relationship between vulnerable narcissism and suicidal ideation","volume":"62","author":"Ponzoni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand J Psychol"},{"key":"B185","article-title":"Beyond the hype: A balanced look at psychedelic therapy risks","author":"Tookey","year":"2024","journal-title":"True North Psychology"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pst0000111","article-title":"Countertransference when working with narcissistic personality disorder: An empirical investigation","volume":"54","author":"Tanzilli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychotherapy"},{"key":"B187","article-title":"Psychedelics could pose risks for people with personality disorders, study finds","author":"Movahed Rad","year":"","journal-title":"Sci Alert"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2020.34.supp.80","article-title":"Internal processing in patients with pathological narcissism or narcissistic personality disorder: Implications for alliance building and therapeutic strategies","volume":"37","author":"Ronningstam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychoanal Psychol"},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.23621","article-title":"The ongoing rewriting of the therapeutic contract in Metacognitive Interpersonal Therapy for narcissistic personality disorder: The case of mark","volume":"80","author":"Dimaggio","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.190161","article-title":"Psychedelic moral enhancement","volume":"6","author":"Earp","year":"2019","journal-title":"R Soc Open Sci"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1529427\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T05:22:48Z","timestamp":1743571368000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1529427\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]},"references-count":190,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1529427"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1529427","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]},"article-number":"1529427"}}