{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T11:31:01Z","timestamp":1787225461303,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Inhibitory control (IC) deficit among substance abusers is a potential consequence of detrimental drug use and can also serve as a risk factor for drug-seeking behaviors, compromising substance abuse treatment and leading to drug relapse. This study examined the efficacy of an integrative cognitive neuropsychological program emphasizing brain response to enhance inhibitory control (ICNIC intervention program) among substance abusers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 30 substance abusers were recruited and randomly assigned to either an ICNIC training group and a non-training control group. The ICNIC training group participated in a 12-session intervention program and a regular rehabilitative program at alternative treatment centers. The control group did not receive ICNIC training, but participated in only the regular rehabilitative program. IC was assessed using self-report measures and a cognitive performance task. Data were collected at three points: before ICNIC training, after ICNIC training, and at a 3-week follow-up ICNIC training. Statistical analyses were implemented.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The primary findings showed that substance abusers exhibited greater self-reported self-efficacy of behavioral IC after the ICNIC training, as assessed by the self-report measure, Behavioral Inhibitory Control Inventory \u2013 Substance Use (BICI-SU). There were no improvements in the \u2018Go\u2019 or \u2018Stop\u2019 trial accuracy (neither within-subject improvement nor between-group difference at the post-training or follow-up periods), and SSRT reaction time (neither pre- to post-training within-subject improvement nor between-group difference at post-training or follow-up periods), as measured by Stop Signal Substance Task (SSST). Moreover, the lack of improved accuracy coincided with slower responses to \u2018Go\u2019 stimuli in the ICNIC training group as compared to the non-training control group. Thus, the ICNIC training improved self-reported self-efficacy in IC and, therefore, may be associated with an improved and cautious response strategies for IC paradigms, resulting in slower response times. However, these strategies did not translate to improved response accuracy during the SSRT.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The implementation of an ICNIC intervention program as a supplementary cognitive rehabilitation approach could potentially enhance self-efficacy of behavioral IC and improve response strategies among substance abusers. With further investigation, the program may be expected to contribute to an increase in cognitive control and promote behavioral changes that lead to positive therapeutic outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1531443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T05:34:06Z","timestamp":1755668046000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Integrative cognitive neuropsychological program emphasizing brain response to enhance inhibitory control among substance abusers at the alternative rehabilitation communities in Eastern Thailand"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Juthamas","family":"Haenjohn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Warakorn","family":"Supwirapakorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jatuporn","family":"Namyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"World drug report 2023 [Internet]","year":"2023"},{"key":"B2","volume-title":"Synthetic drugs in East and Southeast Asia: latest developments and challenges [Internet]","year":"2024"},{"key":"B3","volume-title":"What\u2019s in \u2018Happy Water,\u2019 a synthetic drug cocktail being taken by partygoers","author":"Butler","year":"2022"},{"key":"B4","volume-title":"ASEAN drug monitoring report 2022","author":"Kanato","year":"2023"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.010","article-title":"Clinical neuroscience of amphetamine-type stimulants: from basic science to treatment development","volume":"223","author":"Courtney","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2021.113795","article-title":"Neurotoxicity of methamphetamine: main effects and mechanisms","volume":"344","author":"Jayanthi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2020.044","article-title":"Methamphetamine-induced neuronal damage: neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomol Ther"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2011.05.004","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations of chronic methamphetamine abuse","volume":"29","author":"Rusyniak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.107961","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in methamphetamine users with recent psychosis: a cross-sectional study in Thailand","volume":"210","author":"Srisurapanont","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00509","article-title":"Brain and cognition for addiction medicine: from prevention to recovery neural substrates for treatment of psychostimulant-induced cognitive deficits","volume":"10","author":"D\u2019Souza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci2040434","article-title":"Functional and structural brain changes associated with methamphetamine abuse","volume":"2","author":"Jan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.12505","article-title":"Pattern and related factors of cognitive impairment among chronic methamphetamine users","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.01.021","article-title":"Cognitive deficits in individuals with methamphetamine use disorder: a meta-analysis","volume":"80","author":"Potvin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2020.11.001","article-title":"Bidirectional causality between addiction and cognitive deficits","volume":"157","author":"Melugin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12922","article-title":"Prevalence of cognitive impairment in patients with substance use disorder","volume":"38","author":"Bruijnen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2019.21.3\/gdom","article-title":"Cognition and addiction","volume":"21","author":"Verdejo-Garcia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.276","article-title":"Is cognitive functioning impaired in methamphetamine users? 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