{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T01:27:06Z","timestamp":1793237226175,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Postpartum depression literacy assists mothers in recognizing and preventing postpartum depression (PPD). So, this study assessed the effectiveness of antenatal group psychoeducation in improving PPD literacy among pregnant women in Jimma, Ethiopia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted from 28 March to 1 December 2022 involving 32 non-adjusted health centers that were randomized into two groups (16 health centers for each arm). The study enrolled 550 participants who scored (0\u20139) on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. The intervention group received standard antenatal care and group psychoeducation, while the control group received only standard care. Postpartum depression literacy was assessed in face-to-face interviews at 12\u201320 weeks gestation and 6 weeks postpartum using the PPD literacy scale. Higher scores indicated higher literacy. An intention-to-treat analysis was used. Demographic factors were compared between groups using \u03c7\u00b2 and independent sample t-tests, indicating no significant differences except for educational status and parity. General linear models and mixed-effect models assessed intervention effects and outcome variable predictors, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The overall response rate was 92.9%. The study demonstrated a significant difference between groups regarding the overall mean PPD literacy score (intervention, 3.75 \u00b1 0.46; control, 3.48 \u00b1 0.46; \u03b7p\u00b2 = 0.07), ability to recognize PPD (intervention, 4.30 \u00b1 0.64; control, 3.94 \u00b1 0.75; \u03b7p\u00b2 = 0.06), knowledge of risk factors and causes (intervention, 4.03 \u00b1 0.69; control, 3.67 \u00b1 0.70; \u03b7p\u00b2 = 0.05), and access to PPD information (intervention, 3.28 \u00b1 1.25; control, 2.01 \u00b1 1.13; \u03b7p \u00b2= 0.21) at p = 0.001, with marginal significance regarding self-care activities (intervention 4.37 \u00b1 0.54, control 4.26 \u00b1 0.50, \u03b7p\u00b2 = 0.01, p = 0.051). Conversely, there were no significant differences in knowledge of professional help (intervention 2.97 \u00b1 1.13, control 2.83 \u00b1 0.80, p\u00b2 = 0.00, p = 0.303), beliefs regarding professional help (intervention 2.67 \u00b1 0.89, control 2.50 \u00b1 0.72, p\u00b2 = 0.01, p = 0.063), and attitudes toward PPD recognition and help seeking (intervention 3.91 \u00b1 1.02, control 3.91 \u00b1 1.02, p\u00b2 = 0.00, p = 0.586). Moreover, partner emotional support (AOR = 0.1, 95% CI = 0.02\u20130.17), maladaptive coping [AOR = \u22120.14, 95% CI = \u22120.22\u2013(\u22120.07)], and multiparty [AOR = \u22120.15, 95% CI = \u22120.22\u2013(\u22120.08)] showed significant associations with overall PPD literacy score.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study showed that antenatal group psychoeducation had a moderate effect on overall PPD literacy score. However, further research is required to effectively change negative attitudes toward seeking formal help.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical Trial Registration<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:uri>https:\/\/pactr.samrc.ac.za\/<\/jats:uri>, identifier PACTR 202203616584913.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1548356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T05:24:00Z","timestamp":1744867440000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Antenatal group-based psychoeducation to improve postpartum depression literacy in primary health care institutions in Ethiopia: a cluster randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"Tessema","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muluemebet","family":"Abera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zewdie","family":"Birhanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1\/2","DOI":"10.17159\/sajs.2024\/4197","article-title":"Burden of postpartum depression in sub-Saharan Africa: An updated systematic review","volume":"120","author":"Martins Nweke","year":"2024","journal-title":"S Afr J Sci"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-3730-x","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of postpartum depression in Southwest, Ethiopia, 2017: a cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Kerie","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17082675","article-title":"The effect of maternal depression on infant attachment: A systematic review","volume":"17","author":"\u015aliwerski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1059840517732125:107-16","article-title":"The relationship between positive mental health literacy and mental well-being among adolescents: implications for school health services","volume":"35","author":"Bjornsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Sch Nurs"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-022-04865-y","article-title":"Perinatal mental health literacy: knowledge, attitudes, and help-seeking among perinatal women and the public - a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Daehn D","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-019-2705-9","article-title":"The PPDL scale (PoDLiS): development and psychometric properties","volume":"20","author":"Mirsalimi","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mhp.2022.200238","article-title":"Pregnant women\u2019s awareness, knowledge, and attitudes about perinatal depression","volume":"26","author":"Grech J","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ment Health Prev"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/ojd.2014.33014","article-title":"Mental health literacy of depression and postnatal depression: A community sample","volume":"3","author":"Thorsteinsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Open J Depression"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2014.04.001","article-title":"Mental health literacy and postpartum depression: a qualitative description of views of lower income women","volume":"28","author":"Guy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Psychiatr Nurs"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mhp.2018.05.002","article-title":"Pregnant women\u2019s mental health literacy and perceptions of perinatal mental disorders in the Western Cape, South Africa","volume":"11","author":"Maxine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ment Health Prev"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.41381","article-title":"Postpartum depression and maternal care: exploring the complex effects on mothers and infants","volume":"15","author":"Saharoy R","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone","article-title":"Antenatal depression among pregnant women in Ethiopia: An umbrella review","volume":"20","author":"Abebe","year":"2025","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.2174\/1874944502013010595","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of depression in postpartum women in a low-income country; 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