{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T03:06:13Z","timestamp":1788836773159,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Long COVID (LC) refers to a multisystem condition that persists after infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In addition to physical symptoms, the psychological impact is particularly pronounced. This review summarizes the manifestations, potential mechanisms, epidemiological characteristics, and current interventions related to psychological disorders in LC. Drawing on domestic and international literature, it highlights anxiety, depression, cognitive dysfunction, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as the primary psychological symptoms. These symptoms may be associated with neuroinflammation, immune abnormalities, vascular dysfunction, and psychosocial stress. Although research in this area is still developing, psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, neuromodulation, and lifestyle interventions show promise as treatment approaches. This review aims to provide insights that can inform future research on clinical treatments and psychological care for individuals with LC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1555370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T09:07:10Z","timestamp":1755594430000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Exploring the psychological impact of long COVID: symptoms, mechanisms, and treatments"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Shi","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianxin","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bijue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ru","family":"Chai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiqiong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feiyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhonglan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.18931","article-title":"Estimated global proportions of individuals with persistent fatigue, cognitive, and respiratory symptom clusters following symptomatic COVID-19 in 2020 and 2021","volume":"328","author":"Wulf Hanson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101762","article-title":"The prevalence and long-term health effects of Long Covid among hospitalised and non-hospitalised populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"O\u2019Mahoney","year":"2023","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01136-X","article-title":"Long COVID: a clinical update","volume":"404","author":"Greenhalgh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2021.09.002","article-title":"Central nervous system outcomes of COVID-19","volume":"241","author":"Doyle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Res"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpm.ijpm_1103_21","article-title":"Neuropathology of COVID-19","volume":"65","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J Pathol Microbiol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-022-01862-3","article-title":"Sequelae of COVID-19 among previously hospitalized patients up to 1 year after discharge: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01614-7","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of long term physical and mental sequelae of COVID-19 pandemic: call for research priority and action","volume":"28","author":"Zeng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2022.155","article-title":"Psychological consequences of long COVID: comparing trajectories of depressive and anxiety symptoms before and after contracting SARS-CoV-2 between matched long- and short-COVID groups","volume":"222","author":"Fancourt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70429","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.70429","article-title":"Long-term sequelae of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis of symptoms 3 years post-SARS-coV-2 infection","volume":"97","author":"Rahmati","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(22)00126-6","article-title":"Health outcomes in people 2 years after surviving hospitalisation with COVID-19: a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2024.101082","article-title":"Physical, cognitive, and social triggers of symptom fluctuations in people living with long COVID: an intensive longitudinal cohort study","volume":"46","author":"Greenwood","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21081076","article-title":"Three-month follow-up of the post-COVID syndrome after admission to a specialised post-COVID centre-A prospective study focusing on mental health with patient reported outcome measures (PROMs)","volume":"21","author":"Sch\u00e4fer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B13","unstructured":"Agency\n              XN\n            \n          \n          The Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of the State Council Issued the \u201cNotice on Further Optimizing and Implementing COVID-19 Prevention and Control Measures\u201d\n          \n          2022"},{"key":"B14","unstructured":"Agency\n              XN\n            \n          \n          Major Adjustment! COVID-19 Infection Classification Adjusted from \u201cCategory B Management as Category A\u201d to \u201cCategory B Management\u201d\n          \n          2022"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00138-1","article-title":"China needs a scientific long COVID recovery-support platform","volume":"401","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n2933","article-title":"Navigating the social identity of long covid","volume":"375","author":"Van de Vyver","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01295-8","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence of stigma in infectious diseases, including COVID-19: a call to action","volume":"27","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e050979","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-050979","article-title":"Experiences of living with long COVID and of accessing healthcare services: a qualitative systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Macpherson","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11270-1","article-title":"Stigmatization of Chinese and Asian-looking people during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany","volume":"21","author":"Koller","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21501319241255592","DOI":"10.1177\/21501319241255592","article-title":"Parenting and gender as impact factors for social participation, quality of life, and mental health in long COVID","volume":"15","author":"Schr\u00f6der","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Prim Care Community Health"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0001567","article-title":"Long-COVID stress symptoms: Mental health, anxiety, depression, or posttraumatic stress","volume":"16","author":"Saltzman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychol Trauma"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1271-3","article-title":"The Health Stigma and Discrimination Framework: a global, crosscutting framework to inform research, intervention development, and policy on health-related stigmas","volume":"17","author":"Stangl","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1377866","article-title":"Long COVID outcomes following omicron wave in non-hospital population","volume":"12","author":"Ruiyin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-022-09998-z","article-title":"Depressive and anxiety symptoms in severe COVID-19 survivors: A prospective cohort study","volume":"93","author":"Martins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychiatr Q"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.06.022","article-title":"Anxiety, depression and poor sleep quality as long-term post-COVID sequelae in previously hospitalized patients: A multicenter study","volume":"83","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-de-Las-Pe\u00f1as","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2021.110525","article-title":"Physical and mental health complications post-COVID-19: Scoping review","volume":"147","author":"Shanbehzadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2023.08.009","article-title":"Factors associated with mental health outcomes after COVID-19: A 24-month follow-up longitudinal study","volume":"84","author":"Guillen-Burgos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.02.021","article-title":"Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up","volume":"94","author":"Mazza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113604","article-title":"Psychiatric morbidity and protracted symptoms after COVID-19","volume":"295","author":"Poyraz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.782478","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and quality of life of COVID-19 survivors at 6-month follow-up: A cross-sectional observational study","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.0109","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder in patients after severe COVID-19 infection","volume":"78","author":"Janiri","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113297","article-title":"Risk factors associated with mental illness in hospital discharged patients infected with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China","volume":"292","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1138389","article-title":"Psychiatric symptoms in Long-COVID patients: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Marchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10121012","article-title":"Post-COVID-19 fatigue: potential contributing factors","volume":"10","author":"Rudroff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.12.020","article-title":"Fatigue and cognitive impairment in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"101","author":"Ceban","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.941079","article-title":"A review article on exercise intolerance in long COVID: unmasking the causes and optimizing treatment strategies","volume":"29","author":"Koleni\u010dov\u00e1","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2022.02.003","article-title":"Determinants of persistence of symptoms and impact on physical and mental wellbeing in Long COVID: A prospective cohort study","volume":"84","author":"Righi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1349486","article-title":"Post-COVID central hypersomnia, a treatable trait in long COVID: 4 case reports","volume":"15","author":"Morelli-Zaher","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1281012","article-title":"Sleep quality among non-hospitalized COVID-19 survivors: a national cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Hoang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1161904","article-title":"Persistent olfactory dysfunction associated with poor sleep quality and anxiety in patients with long COVID","volume":"17","author":"Paranhos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awae101","article-title":"Brain and cognitive changes in patients with long COVID compared with infection-recovered control subjects","volume":"147","author":"Serrano Del Pueblo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1153512","article-title":"Depression and brain fog as long-COVID mental health consequences: Difficult, complex and partially successful treatment of a 72-year-old patient-A case report","volume":"14","author":"Taube","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101019","article-title":"Characterizing long COVID in an international cohort: 7 months of symptoms and their impact","volume":"38","author":"Davis","year":"2021","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0297207","article-title":"Characteristics and burden of acute COVID-19 and long-COVID: Demographic, physical, mental health, and economic perspectives","volume":"19","author":"Leitner","year":"2024","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-024-01863-3","article-title":"Six-month follow-up of multidomain cognitive impairment in non-hospitalized individuals with post-COVID-19 syndrome","volume":"274","author":"Schild","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-023-01646-3","article-title":"Author Correction: SARS-CoV-2 reservoir in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC)","volume":"24","author":"Proal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13061025","article-title":"Insights into SARS-coV-2 persistence and its relevance","volume":"13","author":"Desimmie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2021.110538","article-title":"Persistent SARS-2 infections contribute to long COVID-19","volume":"149","author":"Jacobs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-020-02152-5","article-title":"Multiple neuroinvasive pathways in COVID-19","volume":"58","author":"Bougakov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2022.6","article-title":"Long COVID, neuropsychiatric disorders, psychotropics, present and future","volume":"34","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychiatr"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11010061","article-title":"Psychological symptoms in COVID-19 patients: insights into pathophysiology and risk factors of long COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Thye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol (Basel)"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2021.102006","article-title":"Can Covid-19 attack our nervous system","volume":"117","author":"Abdel Hafez","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Chem Neuroanat"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00818-7","article-title":"Neurological complications and infection mechanism of SARS-COV-2","volume":"6","author":"Wan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01170","article-title":"Psycho-neuroendocrine-immune interactions in COVID-19: potential impacts on mental health","volume":"11","author":"Raony","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2022.104104","article-title":"Psychoneuroimmunology in the time of COVID-19: Why neuro-immune interactions matter for mental and physical health","volume":"154","author":"Bower","year":"2022","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.657004","article-title":"Immunological interfaces: the COVID-19 pandemic and depression","volume":"12","author":"Perlmutter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2022.103409","article-title":"Long term neuropsychiatric consequences in COVID-19 survivors: Cognitive impairment and inflammatory underpinnings fifteen months after discharge","volume":"80","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatr"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-023-03049-1","article-title":"Cortical Grey matter volume depletion links to neurological sequelae in post COVID-19 \u201clong haulers","volume":"23","author":"Rothstein","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04569-5","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 is associated with changes in brain structure in UK Biobank","volume":"604","author":"Douaud","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.577529","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric and cognitive sequelae of COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-01113-x","article-title":"Immunological dysfunction persists for 8 months following initial mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"23","author":"Phetsouphanh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-023-00341-z","article-title":"Aged brain and neuroimmune responses to COVID-19: post-acute sequelae and modulatory effects of behavioral and nutritional interventions","volume":"20","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immun Ageing"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2023.10918","article-title":"Role of microglia, decreased neurogenesis and oligodendrocyte depletion in long COVID-mediated brain impairments","volume":"14","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aging Dis"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10738584231194927","article-title":"COVID-19 and long COVID: disruption of the neurovascular unit, blood-brain barrier, and tight junctions","volume":"30","author":"Kempuraj","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI150101","article-title":"Platelets mediate inflammatory monocyte activation by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein","volume":"132","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s12959-021-00311-9","article-title":"Thrombosis in COVID-19 infection: Role of platelet activation-mediated immunity","volume":"19","author":"Fard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thromb J"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2021.11.029","article-title":"Incidence of venous thromboembolic events in COVID-19 patients after hospital discharge: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"209","author":"Zuin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-021-01359-7","article-title":"Persistent clotting protein pathology in Long COVID\/Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) is accompanied by increased levels of antiplasmin","volume":"20","author":"Pretorius","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.028","article-title":"Effects of COVID-19 on the nervous system","volume":"183","author":"Iadecola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13842","article-title":"Stress and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: How can the COVID-19 pandemic inform our understanding and treatment of acute insomnia","volume":"32","author":"Elder","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2022.105894","article-title":"The effects of momentary loneliness and COVID-19 stressors on hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis functioning: A lockdown stage changes the association between loneliness and salivary cortisol","volume":"145","author":"Haucke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.770459","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in non-critical, mild-to-moderate COVID-19 survivors","volume":"13","author":"Henneghan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01638-z","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis on prevalence of and risk factors associated with depression, anxiety and insomnia in infectious diseases, including COVID-19: a call to action","volume":"27","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-27405-w","article-title":"Association of preexisting psychiatric disorders with post-COVID-19 prevalence: a cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Kataoka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-01039-2","article-title":"A quantitative and qualitative study on the neuropsychiatric sequelae of acutely ill COVID-19 inpatients in isolation facilities","volume":"10","author":"Hao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.congress-2021.OA4189","article-title":"Post-COVID-19 symptom burden: what is long-COVID and how should we manage it","volume":"199","author":"Sykes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MS9.0000000000001153","article-title":"Long COVID syndrome: psychological and sexual dysfunction among survivors of COVID-19 infection","volume":"85","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Med Surg (Lond)"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.13508","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric aspects of long COVID: A comprehensive review","volume":"77","author":"Kubota","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0277317","article-title":"Long Covid stigma: Estimating burden and validating scale in a UK-based sample","volume":"17","author":"Pantelic","year":"2022","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac136","article-title":"Global prevalence of post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) condition or long COVID: A meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"226","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0284075","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0284075","article-title":"Risk factors for psychiatric symptoms in patients with long COVID: A systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Zakia","year":"2023","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.24171\/j.phrp.2023.0261","article-title":"Impact of long COVID-19 on posttraumatic stress disorder as modified by health literacy: an observational study in Vietnam","volume":"15","author":"Vo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Osong Public Health Res Perspect"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-023-05481-6","article-title":"The global prevalence of depression, anxiety, and sleep disorder among patients coping with Post COVID-19 syndrome (long COVID): a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Seighali","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.11.002","article-title":"Female gender is associated with long COVID syndrome: a prospective cohort study","volume":"28","author":"Bai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14060602","article-title":"Symptom clusters in acute SARS-coV-2 infection and long COVID fatigue in male and female outpatients","volume":"14","author":"Leone","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fepid.2023.1193369","article-title":"The psychological syndrome associated with Long-COVID: A study protocol","volume":"3","author":"G\u00f3mez Bravo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Epidemiol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-020-09789-4","article-title":"Psychological functioning of slovene adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: does resilience matter","volume":"92","author":"Kav\u010di\u010d","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatr Q"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(22)00245-8","article-title":"Long COVID and older people","volume":"3","author":"Mansell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnaa106","article-title":"Age moderates perceived COVID-19 disruption on well-being","volume":"61","author":"Knepple Carney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18052522","article-title":"Mental health in the era of the second wave of SARS-coV-2: A cross-sectional study based on an online survey among online respondents in Poland","volume":"18","author":"Babicki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041910","article-title":"Protective elements of mental health status during the COVID-19 outbreak in the portuguese population","volume":"18","author":"Silva Moreira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2694","article-title":"Long-term clinical outcomes in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreaks after hospitalisation or ICU admission: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.590096","article-title":"Joint investigation of 2-month post-diagnosis igG antibody levels and psychological measures for assessing longer term multi-faceted recovery among COVID-19 cases in northern Cyprus","volume":"8","author":"Barin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18168790","article-title":"Long-term impact of COVID-19 on mental health among the general public: A nationwide longitudinal study in China","volume":"18","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.09.007","article-title":"Nurses endured high risks of psychological problems under the epidemic of COVID-19 in a longitudinal study in Wuhan China","volume":"131","author":"Cai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-080921-072750","article-title":"Culturally responsive cognitive behavioral therapy for ethnically diverse populations","volume":"19","author":"Huey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028310","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) versus acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for mixed anxiety disorders","volume":"80","author":"Arch","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e26736","DOI":"10.2196\/26736","article-title":"The effectiveness of virtual reality exposure-based cognitive behavioral therapy for severe anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder: meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"van Loenen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad257","article-title":"Efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy targeting severe fatigue following coronavirus disease 2019: results of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"77","author":"Kuut","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e26883","DOI":"10.2196\/26883","article-title":"The efficacy of computerized cognitive behavioral therapy for depressive and anxiety symptoms in patients with COVID-19: randomized controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldab005","article-title":"Mindfulness-based interventions: an overall review","volume":"138","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2020.102194","article-title":"The therapeutic alliance in exposure therapy for anxiety-related disorders: A critical review","volume":"70","author":"Buchholz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2019980","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2021.2019980","article-title":"Hospitalization, interpersonal and personal factors of social anxiety among COVID-19 survivors at the six-month follow-up after hospital treatment: the minority stress model","volume":"13","author":"Ju","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.111200","article-title":"The neuropsychiatric manifestations of COVID-19: Interactions with psychiatric illness and pharmacological treatment","volume":"135","author":"Jansen van Vuren","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03655-x","article-title":"SSRI use during acute COVID-19 and risk of long COVID among patients with depression","volume":"22","author":"Butzin-Dozier","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-024-01853-4","article-title":"Long-term risk of psychiatric disorder and psychotropic prescription after SARS-CoV-2 infection among UK general population","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-02230-3","article-title":"Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-10 predict therapy outcome of female patients with posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"12","author":"Renner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.573718","article-title":"Applications of non-invasive neuromodulation for the management of disorders related to COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Baptista","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2022.103438","article-title":"Real world research on transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment strategies for neuropsychiatric symptoms with long-COVID in Japan","volume":"81","author":"Noda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatr"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1716096\/v1","article-title":"A pilot randomized controlled trial of supervised, at-home, self-administered transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) to manage long COVID symptoms","volume":"8","author":"Badran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res Sq"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-02297-y","article-title":"Neuroinflammation mechanisms of neuromodulation therapies for anxiety and depression","volume":"13","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1354088","article-title":"Hyperbaric oxygen effectively addresses the pathophysiology of long COVID: clinical review","volume":"11","author":"Katz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmed.2021-0462","article-title":"Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for the treatment of long COVID: early evaluation of a highly promising intervention","volume":"21","author":"Robbins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Med (Lond)"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08002-8","article-title":"Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for long COVID (HOT-LoCO), an interim safety report from a randomised controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Kjellberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3126\/nje.v12i3.48532","article-title":"Treatment of Long COVID or Post COVID syndrome: A Pharmacological approach","volume":"12","author":"Banerjee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nepal J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmed.Let.23.1.2","article-title":"Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for the treatment of long COVID","volume":"23","author":"Wilmshurst","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Med (Lond)"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S446321","article-title":"Quantifying the adverse effects of long COVID on individuals\u2019 Health after infection: A propensity score matching design study","volume":"17","author":"Miao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Risk Manag Healthc Policy"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mhpa.2020.100345","article-title":"The relationship between physical activity and mental health in a sample of the UK public: A cross-sectional study during the implementation of COVID-19 social distancing measures","volume":"19","author":"Jacob","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ment Health Phys Act"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17114065","article-title":"Depression, anxiety and stress during COVID-19: associations with changes in physical activity, sleep, tobacco and alcohol use in Australian adults","volume":"17","author":"Stanton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.16326","article-title":"Examining the role of micronutrients on improving long COVID sleep-related symptoms","author":"Pak","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-022-00871-8","article-title":"Coenzyme Q10\u2009+\u2009alpha lipoic acid for chronic COVID syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Barletta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-023-01734-3","article-title":"Conceptual foundations of acetylcarnitine supplementation in neuropsychiatric long COVID syndrome: a narrative review","volume":"274","author":"Helbing","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.705354","article-title":"Supporting health-care workers and patients in quarantine wards: evidence from a survey of frontline health-care workers and inpatients with COVID-19 in wuhan, China","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-023-10091-9","article-title":"Swept under the carpet: a qualitative study of patient perspectives on Long COVID, treatments, services, and mental health","volume":"23","author":"Hawke","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764020950769","article-title":"Mental health implications of COVID-19 pandemic and its response in India","volume":"67","author":"Roy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Soc Psychiatry"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e45711","DOI":"10.2196\/45711","article-title":"Digital interventions for treating post-COVID or long-COVID symptoms: scoping review","volume":"25","author":"Rinn","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13041035","article-title":"Effects of aerobic exercise therapy through nordic walking program in lactate concentrations, fatigue and quality-of-life in patients with long-COVID syndrome: A non-randomized parallel controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"Laguarta-Val","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fepid.2025.1597799","article-title":"Estimating long COVID-19 prevalence across definitions and forms of sample selection","volume":"5","author":"Lovaglio","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Epidemiol"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resinv.2025.05.001","article-title":"Impact of long COVID on the health-related quality of life of Japanese patients: A prospective nationwide cohort study","volume":"63","author":"Yagi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Respir Investig"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1332066","article-title":"The association between Long-COVID symptomology, perceived symptom burden and mental health in COVID-19 patients in Shijiazhuang, China: a population-based health survey","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000001380","article-title":"Unmasking the psychological landscape of long COVID: A cluster-analytical approach","volume":"87","author":"G\u00f3mez Bravo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biopsychosoc Sci Med"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10122418","article-title":"A scoping review on long COVID-19: physiological and psychological symptoms post-acute, long-post and persistent post COVID-19","volume":"10","author":"Surapaneni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01410768211032850","article-title":"Symptoms, complications and management of long COVID: a review","volume":"114","author":"Aiyegbusi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15394492251328310","article-title":"Cognitive interventions and rehabilitation to address long-COVID symptoms: A systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Weix","year":"2025","journal-title":"OTJR (Thorofare N J)"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1555370\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T09:07:12Z","timestamp":1755594432000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1555370\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]},"references-count":134,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1555370"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1555370","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]},"article-number":"1555370"}}