{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:26:55Z","timestamp":1791390415835,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating condition affecting 3.9% of the global population, with refugee populations experiencing particularly high prevalence rates (23\u201342%). Cognitive control deficits are a core feature of PTSD and a significant factor in treatment resistance, which affects 25\u201360% of cases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study examined the effects of neurofeedback therapy (NFT) on PTSD symptoms and cognitive control in forty-seven refugees with chronic treatment-resistant PTSD. Pre- and post-treatment assessments included the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ), event-related potential (ERP) and behavioural parameters recorded during a cued Go\/No-Go task. Over a median of twenty-six sessions across 7 months, clients received individualised NFT integrated with trauma counselling. Post-treatment, clients were categorised into <jats:italic>Responders<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Non-Responders<\/jats:italic>, with responders defined as those achieving a clinically significant reduction in PTSD symptoms (\u22650.5-point decrease on the HTQ).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Responders (n=22) demonstrated normalised P3d amplitude, indicative of improved cognitive control. In contrast, non-responders (n=25) exhibited minimal changes in ERP measures. Non-responders showed greater abnormalities in the Slow Positive Wave (SPW) at baseline suggesting more compromised late-stage cognitive processing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings suggest that NFT can alleviate PTSD symptoms in refugees with chronic treatment-resistant PTSD. Treatment response was associated with a normalisation of the P3d waveform suggestive of enhanced cognitive control. The baseline SPW predicted treatment response. Further research should incorporate randomised controlled trials and larger, multi-centre samples to enhance robustness and generalisability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1567809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T05:29:08Z","timestamp":1755235748000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Enhanced cognitive control following neurofeedback therapy in chronic treatment-resistant PTSD among refugees: a feasibility 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