{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T04:05:40Z","timestamp":1782187540155,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Developmental and acquired paedophilic behaviour are considered two distinct phenomena, yet no study has systematically compared the cognitive profiles of individuals committing these forms of child sexual offenses (CSO). This study explored whether individuals with developmental and acquired paedophilic behaviour are characterised by similar or different neuropsychological underpinnings and how these differences manifest themselves in observable behaviour.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty-four studies on developmental CSO and 17 (describing 21 cases) on acquired CSO were included. Multivariate meta-analytic approaches were adopted to investigate the cognitive abilities of individuals who committed CSO with (P+CSO) and without (CSO) a diagnosis of paedophilia (P), while a systematic review was conducted to identify the cognitive features of acquired CSO.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Meta-analytic findings showed overall worse neuropsychological performances for developmental CSO compared to the control group (<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic> = \u22120.186; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = .002). Subgroup analyses confirmed these results for both CSO (<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\u00a0= \u22120.232; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;.05) and P+CSO (<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic> = \u22120.153; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;.05). The systematic review on acquired CSO revealed that all individuals (100%) exhibited deficits in inhibitory control and 62.5% of them showed concomitant impairments in social-cognition abilities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Developmental and acquired paedophilic behaviours share inhibitory control deficits, even though with different characteristics; however, social-cognitive deficits appear specific to acquired CSO. These findings provide insights into the neurocognitive underpinnings of these behaviours, highlighting distinct mechanisms that may influence their <jats:italic>modi operandi<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1568244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T05:24:24Z","timestamp":1749446664000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cognitive profiles of paedophilic behaviour: a meta-analytic and systematic review of developmental vs acquired forms"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Cristiano","family":"Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Ronconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Ferracuti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexa","family":"Schincariol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Scarpazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.02.007","article-title":"The prevalence of child sexual abuse in community and student samples: A meta\u2013analysis","volume":"29","author":"Pereda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.08.003","article-title":"The impact of child sexual abuse on health: A systematic review of reviews","volume":"29","author":"Maniglio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"B3","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5","year":"2013"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093330","article-title":"Paraphilias in the DSM-5","volume":"12","author":"Beech","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.12070999","article-title":"DSM-5 field trials in the United States and Canada, Part II: test-retest reliability of selected categorical diagnoses","volume":"170","author":"Regier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2009.04.002","article-title":"Encouraging self-identified pedophiles and hebephiles to seek professional help: First results of the Prevention Project Dunkelfeld (PPD)","volume":"33","author":"Beier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2007.10.013","article-title":"Cerebral white matter deficiencies in pedophilic men","volume":"42","author":"Cantor","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2021.101662","article-title":"A compositional explanatory theory of pedophilia","volume":"61","author":"Gannon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aggression Violent Behav"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1027\/1016-9040\/a000325","article-title":"The stigma of pedophilia","volume":"23","author":"Jahnke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Psychol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2010.03.005","article-title":"Potential and Dunkelfeld offenders: Two neglected target groups for prevention of child sexual abuse","volume":"33","author":"Schaefer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Law Psychiatry"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14789940903174188","article-title":"Can pedophiles be reached for primary prevention of child sexual abuse? First results of the Berlin Prevention Project Dunkelfeld (PPD)","volume":"20","author":"Beier","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Forensic Psychiatry Psychol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10615-011-0353-2","article-title":"The DSM-5\u2019s proposed new categories of sexual disorder: The problem of false positives in sexual diagnosis","volume":"40","author":"Wakefield","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Soc Work J"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.60.3.437","article-title":"Right orbitofrontal tumor with pedophilia symptom and constructional apraxia sign","volume":"60","author":"Burns","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13554794.2020.1727929","article-title":"The neurology of acquired pedophilia","volume":"26","author":"Lopes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurocase"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2014.07.005","article-title":"Brain alterations in paedophilia: A critical review","volume":"122","author":"Mohnke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1080\/0092623X.2015.1061077","article-title":"Being sexually attracted to minors: sexual development, coping with forbidden feelings, and relieving sexual arousal in self-identified pedophiles","volume":"42","author":"Houtepen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Sex Marital Ther"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psycr.2024.100237","article-title":"A unique case of iatrogenic hebephiliac behavior emerging late in life in a patient with Gordon Holmes Syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Loconte","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res Case Rep"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145705006437","article-title":"Paraphilic behaviours in a parkinsonian patient with hedonistic homeostatic dysregulation","volume":"9","author":"Solla","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2010.02172.x","article-title":"Pedophilic behavior from brain disease","volume":"8","author":"Mendez","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Sexual Med"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2013.11.015","article-title":"When benefitting a patient increases the risk for harm for third persons\u2014The case of treating pedophilic Parkinsonian patients with deep brain stimulation","volume":"37","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Law Psychiatry"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2015.01.007","article-title":"Rethinking responsibility in offenders with acquired paedophilia: Punishment or treatment","volume":"38","author":"Gilbert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Law Psychiatry"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7347\/RIC-032020-p212","article-title":"Idiopathic vs acquired pedophilic behavior: A critical analysis","volume":"14","author":"Scarpazza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ital J Of Criminology"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00335","article-title":"Mental insanity assessment of pedophilia: the importance of the trans-disciplinary approach. Reflections on two cases","volume":"12","author":"Scarpazza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.49.8.867","article-title":"Hypersexuality or altered sexual preference following brain injury","volume":"49","author":"Miller","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Neurology Neurosurgery Psychiatry"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13554794.2021.1886310","article-title":"A case of developmental pedophilia unmasked by frontotemporal dementia","volume":"27","author":"Prado","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurocase"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8143-y","article-title":"An unusual case of acquired pedophilic behavior following compression of orbitofrontal cortex and hypothalamus by a Clivus Chordoma","volume":"263","author":"Sartori","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5964\/sotrap.6989","article-title":"The neuroanatomical bases of pedophilia and the importance of distinguishing genuine vs. Acquired types: A systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Joyal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sexual Offending: Theory Research Prev"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13554790903329182","article-title":"Kl\u00fcver\u2013Bucy syndrome, hypersexuality, and the law","volume":"16","author":"Devinsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurocase"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21507740.2016.1244221","article-title":"Acquired pedophilia and moral responsibility","volume":"7","author":"Gilbert","year":"2016","journal-title":"AJOB Neurosci"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110652","article-title":"A multidisciplinary approach to insanity assessment as a way to reduce cognitive biases","volume":"319","author":"Scarpazza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07297.x","article-title":"The etiology of anomalous sexual preferences in men","volume":"989","author":"Quinsey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann New York Acad Sci"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12067","article-title":"Evidence for heritability of adult men\u2019s sexual interest in youth under age 16 from a population-based extended twin design","volume":"10","author":"Alanko","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Sexual Med"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2173-5050(09)70051-2","article-title":"Etiology of pedophilia from a neurodevelopmental perspective: Markers and brain alterations","volume":"2","author":"Garc\u00eda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev Psiquiatr\u00eda y Salud Ment (English Edition)"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1037\/0000107-000","article-title":"Pedophilia and sexual offending against children: theory","author":"Seto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Assessment Intervention"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13562","article-title":"Research Review: Neuropsychological functioning in young anorexia nervosa: A meta-analysis","volume":"63","author":"Stedal","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00344","article-title":"The neurobiology and psychology of pedophilia: recent advances and challenges","volume":"9","author":"Tenbergen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.59.6.1006","article-title":"Acquired sexual paraphilia in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"59","author":"Frohman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-014-1915-1","article-title":"Pedophilia 30 years after a traumatic brain injury","volume":"36","author":"Fumagalli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurological Sci"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1177\/107906320601800107","article-title":"Sex offenders\u2019 Response to treatment and its association with recidivism as a function of psychopathy","volume":"18","author":"Langton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sexual Abuse"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15622971003671628","article-title":"The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) Guidelines for the biological treatment of paraphilias","volume":"11","author":"Thibaut","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23443","article-title":"Evidence for superior neurobiological and behavioral inhibitory control abilities in non-offending as compared to offending pedophiles: Response Inhibition in Pedophilia","volume":"38","author":"K\u00e4rgel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617717000315","article-title":"Executive functioning in pedophilia and child sexual offending","volume":"23","author":"Massau","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-023-02689-1","article-title":"Neuropsychological functioning in sexual offenders with and without pedophilic disorder","volume":"53","author":"Picard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Sexual Behav"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617709090353","article-title":"Neurocognitive differences between pedophilic and nonpedophilic child molesters","volume":"15","author":"Suchy","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2017.96","article-title":"Gray matter anomalies in pedophiles with and without a history of child sexual offending","volume":"7","author":"Schiffer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trans Psychiatry"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2013.01.003","article-title":"Association between brain structure and phenotypic characteristics in pedophilia","volume":"47","author":"Poeppl","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2006.06.003","article-title":"Structural brain abnormalities in the frontostriatal system and cerebellum in pedophilia","volume":"41","author":"Schiffer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.6.737","article-title":"Brain pathology in pedophilic offenders: evidence of volume reduction in the right amygdala and related diencephalic structures","volume":"64","author":"Schiltz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-018-0933-z","article-title":"Brain responses to pictures of children in men with pedophilic disorder: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"269","author":"Cazala","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.101647","article-title":"Brain processing of pictures of children in men with pedophilic disorder: A positron emission tomography study","volume":"21","author":"Fonteille","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clin"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2022.02.004","article-title":"Altered neural and behavioral response to sexually implicit stimuli during a pictorial-modified stroop task in pedophilic disorder","volume":"3","author":"Mannfolk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Global Open Sci"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22777","article-title":"Connectivity and functional profiling of abnormal brain structures in pedophilia: Functional Profile of Brain Structure in Pedophilia","volume":"36","author":"Poeppl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-013-0198-6","article-title":"Functional neuroimaging of sexual arousal: A preliminary meta-analysis comparing pedophilic to non-pedophilic men","volume":"42","author":"Polisois-Keating","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch Sexual Behav"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.02.008","article-title":"Functional brain correlates of heterosexual paedophilia","volume":"41","author":"Schiffer","year":"2008","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.10.018","article-title":"Pedophilia is linked to reduced activation in hypothalamus and lateral prefrontal cortex during visual erotic stimulation","volume":"62","author":"Walter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22262","article-title":"The functional neuroanatomy of male psychosexual and physiosexual arousal: A quantitative meta-analysis: Functional Neuroanatomy of Male Sexual Arousal","volume":"35","author":"Poeppl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2016.06.035","article-title":"Neural basis of pedophilia: Altered sexual preference following traumatic brain injury","volume":"25","author":"Alnemari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Surg Case Rep"},{"key":"B58","first-page":"318","article-title":"The unique predisposition to criminal violations in frontotemporal dementia","volume":"38","author":"Mendez","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Acad Psychiatry Law"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-020-00442-z","article-title":"Idiopathic and acquired pedophilia as two distinct disorders: An insight from neuroimaging","volume":"15","author":"Scarpazza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2018.01.010","article-title":"How to characterize the function of a brain region","volume":"22","author":"Genon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhy336","article-title":"Multimodal parcellations and extensive behavioral profiling tackling the hippocampus gradient","volume":"29","author":"Plachti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2019.101508","article-title":"Profiling acquired pedophilic behavior: Retrospective analysis of 66 Italian forensic cases of pedophilia","volume":"67","author":"Camperio Ciani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Law Psychiatry"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/comp.2002.30796","article-title":"Impulsive personality traits in male pedophiles versus healthy controls: Is pedophilia an impulsive-aggressive disorder","volume":"43","author":"Cohen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.19.2458","article-title":"Pedophilia","volume":"288","author":"Fagan","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107906320001200302","article-title":"Comparison of perpetration characteristics between male juvenile and adult sexual offenders: preliminary results","volume":"12","author":"Miranda","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sexual Abuse"},{"key":"B66","first-page":"13","article-title":"Pedophilia: Diagnostic concepts, treatment, and ethical considerations","volume":"7","author":"Berlin","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Psychiatry"},{"key":"B67","volume-title":"Sex offenders : an analysis of types \/ by P.H. Gebhard ... [et al.] of the Institute for Sex Research","author":"Gebhard","year":"1965"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2020.101406","article-title":"The neuropsychology of child sexual offending: A systematic review","volume":"54","author":"Dillien","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aggression Violent Behav"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063213482842","article-title":"The neuropsychology of sex offenders: A meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Joyal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sexual Abuse"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pra.0000390759.04581.7c","article-title":"Investigating the relationship between sexual and chemical addictions by comparing executive function in subjects with pedophilia or opiate addiction and healthy controls","volume":"16","author":"Cohen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Psychiatr Pract"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063218807487","article-title":"Executive functions and social cognition in juveniles who have sexually offended","volume":"32","author":"Joyal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sexual Abuse"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2021.105906","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"88","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i03","article-title":"Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package","volume":"36","author":"Viechtbauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Stat Software"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-021-01246-3","article-title":"Meta-analysis with robust variance estimation: expanding the range of working models","volume":"23","author":"Pustejovsky","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prev Sci"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2016.04.023","article-title":"Unity and diversity of executive functions: Individual differences as a window on cognitive structure","volume":"86","author":"Friedman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000119","article-title":"Integrating the switching, inhibition, and updating model of executive function with the Cattell\u2014Horn\u2014Carroll model","volume":"145","author":"Jewsbury","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Exp Psychology: Gen"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/1076998615606099","article-title":"Small-sample adjustments for tests of moderators and model fit using robust variance estimation in meta-regression","volume":"40","author":"Tipton","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Educ Behav Stat"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/ojs.2012.21001","article-title":"An approximate hotelling T2-test for heteroscedastic one-way MANOVA","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Open J Stat"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.14419\/ijasp.v1i2.908","article-title":"Tests of linear hypotheses in the ANOVA under heteroscedasticity","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Advanced Stat Probability"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.11","article-title":"Outlier and influence diagnostics for meta-analysis","volume":"1","author":"Viechtbauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res Synthesis Methods"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/10769986030003261","article-title":"Bias and efficiency of meta-analytic variance estimators in the random-effects model","volume":"30","author":"Viechtbauer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Educ Behav Stat"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3001666","article-title":"The combination of estimates from different experiments","volume":"10","author":"Cochran","year":"1954","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2533446","article-title":"Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias","author":"Begg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1002\/0470870168.ch6","article-title":"Regression methods to detect publication and other bias in meta-analysis","author":"Sterne","year":"2005","journal-title":"Publ Bias Meta-analysis: Prevention Assess Adjustments"},{"key":"B85","volume-title":"Residuals and Influence in Regression. Retrieved from the University Digital Conservancy","author":"Cook","year":"1982"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5093\/ejpalc2018a10","article-title":"Rapists and Child Abusers Share Low Levels in Executive Updating, but Do not in Fluid Reasoning","volume":"11","author":"Herrero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Psychol Appl to Legal Context"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13218719.2013.873974","article-title":"Neurocognitive functioning and subtypes of child molesters: poorer working memory differentiates incestuous from non-incestuous offenders","volume":"21","author":"Becerra-Garc\u00eda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatry Psychol Law"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/PCC.v09n0311e","article-title":"A case of late-onset pedophilia to sertraline","volume":"9","author":"Prahlada Rao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Primary Care Companion to J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-197811000-00007","article-title":"PEDOPHILIA OCCURRING AFTER ONSET OF COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT","volume":"166","author":"Regestein","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Nervous Ment Dis"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9432(72)90031-3","article-title":"Multidirectional disorders of sexual drive in a case of brain tumour","volume":"1","author":"Lesniak","year":"1972","journal-title":"Forensic Sci"},{"key":"B91","article-title":"Altered sexual behavior with multiple sclerosis: A case report","volume":"6","author":"Ortego","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cogn Behav Neurol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13554799908411987","article-title":"A thoroughly modern Gage","volume":"5","author":"Dimitrov","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurocase"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.06.015","article-title":"Heterosexual pedophilia in a frontotemporal dementia patient with a mutation in the progranulin gene","volume":"70","author":"Rainero","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11673-015-9647-3","article-title":"Paedophilia, invasive brain surgery, and punishment","volume":"12","author":"Gilbert","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bioethical Inq"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"2013"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00813","article-title":"The meaningfulness of effect sizes in psychological research: differences between sub-disciplines and the impact of potential biases","volume":"10","author":"Sch\u00e4fer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200107030-00054","article-title":"General and task-specific frontal lobe recruitment in older adults during executive processes: A fMRI investigation of task-switching","volume":"12","author":"DiGirolamo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/jcen.24.4.534.1033","article-title":"Putative tests of frontal lobe function: A PET-study of brain activation during stroop\u2019s test and verbal fluency","volume":"24","author":"Ravnkilde","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107906321668611","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063216686119","article-title":"Assessing sexual interest in children using the go\/no-go association test","volume":"30","author":"Bartels","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sexual Abuse: A J Res Treat"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000359","article-title":"Response inhibition and impulsive decision-making in sexual offenders against children","volume":"127","author":"Turner","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Abnormal Psychol"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.98.2.661-674","article-title":"Neuropsychological executive functions of adolescent sex offenders and nonsex offenders","volume":"98","author":"Veneziano","year":"2004","journal-title":"Perceptual Motor Skills"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2020.101405","article-title":"Neuropsychological functioning in child sexual abusers: A systematic review","volume":"54","author":"Turner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aggression Violent Behav"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063217720919","article-title":"The motivation-facilitation model of sexual offending","volume":"31","author":"Seto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sexual Abuse"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617710001669","article-title":"Executive function profiles of pedophilic and nonpedophilic child molesters","volume":"17","author":"Eastvold","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108301","article-title":"Interference inhibition in offending and non-offending pedophiles: A preliminary event-related fMRI study","volume":"173","author":"Weidacker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2010.02140.x","article-title":"Executive dysfunctions in pedophilic and nonpedophilic child molesters","volume":"8","author":"Schiffer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Sexual Med"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063210366039","article-title":"Assessing risk for sexual recidivism: some proposals on the nature of psychologically meaningful risk factors","volume":"22","author":"Mann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sexual Abuse"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2019.07.009","article-title":"Examining the relationships between impulsivity, aggression, and recidivism for prisoners with antisocial personality disorder","volume":"49","author":"Martin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aggression Violent Behav"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2011.00252.x","article-title":"Neuropsychological measures of executive function and antisocial behavior: A meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Ogilvie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2009.03.003","article-title":"Trait impulsivity and response inhibition in antisocial personality disorder","volume":"43","author":"Swann","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.03.006","article-title":"Functional neuroimaging studies of sexual arousal and orgasm in healthy men and women: A review and meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Stol\u00e9ru","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehavioral Rev"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11572-013-9245-6","article-title":"Actio libera in causa","volume":"7","author":"Dimock","year":"2013","journal-title":"Criminal Law Philosophy"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020416101092","article-title":"Heterosexual male perpetrators of childhood sexual abuse: A preliminary neuropsychiatric model","volume":"73","author":"Cohen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychiatr Q"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00131746-200209000-00004","article-title":"Clinical features of pedophilia and implications for treatment","volume":"8","author":"Cohen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Practice\u00ae"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-1789(98)00011-1","article-title":"Empathy, social skills, and other relevant cognitive processes in rapists and child molesters","volume":"5","author":"Geer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aggression Violent Behav"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2009.01564.x","article-title":"Neurocognitive and personality factors in homo- and heterosexual pedophiles and controls","volume":"8","author":"Kruger","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Sexual Med"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.5.786","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidity in pedophilic sex offenders","volume":"156","author":"Raymond","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02314-8","article-title":"Acquired Pedophilia: International Delphi-method-based consensus guidelines","volume":"13","author":"Scarpazza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trans Psychiatry"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-018-0274-8","article-title":"The charm of structural neuroimaging in insanity evaluations: Guidelines to avoid misinterpretation of the findings","volume":"8","author":"Scarpazza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trans Psychiatry"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-015-0629-7","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging of pedophilia","volume":"44","author":"Cantor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Sexual Behav"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22777","article-title":"Connectivity and functional profiling of abnormal brain structures in pedophilia","volume":"36","author":"Poeppl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s12152-017-9349-0","article-title":"The role of neuroscience in the evaluation of mental insanity: On the controversies in Italy: Comment on \u201cOn the stand. Another episode of neuroscience and law discussion from Italy","volume":"11","author":"Scarpazza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroethics"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f4630","article-title":"Preventing sexual abusers of children from reoffending: Systematic review of medical and psychological interventions","volume":"347","author":"Langstrom","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-011-9882-6","article-title":"Is pedophilia a sexual orientation","volume":"41","author":"Seto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Sexual Behav"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260514526062","article-title":"High-risk sex offenders may not be high risk forever","volume":"29","author":"Hanson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.597918","article-title":"Translational application of a neuro-scientific multi-modal approach into forensic psychiatric evaluation: why and how","volume":"12","author":"Scarpazza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1568244\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T05:24:27Z","timestamp":1749446667000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1568244\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]},"references-count":126,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1568244"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1568244","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]},"article-number":"1568244"}}