{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:48:46Z","timestamp":1787320126724,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To explore the relationship between the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) and the severity of depression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective study included 750 patients who were hospitalized at Xiamen Xianyue Hospital and diagnosed with depression from January 2022 to December 2023. The SII was defined as the platelet count \u00d7 neutrophil count\/lymphocyte count. The participants were divided into a mild to moderate depression group (299 patients) and a major depression group (451 patients). Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analysis, subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were used to explore the correlation between the SII and the severity of depression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      According to the multivariate Logistic regression analysis, the SII was independently associated with the risk of major depression (P &amp;lt; 0.05). For every 1- unit and 1-standard-deviation increase in the SII, the risk of major depression increased by 0.1% and 25.3%, respectively (OR: 1.001, 95% CI: 1.000\u20131.001, P = 0.008; OR: 1.253, 95% CI: 1.061\u20131.480, P = 0.008), and each 1-unit increase in the Log\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      SII was associated with a 124.8% increased risk of major depression (OR: 2.248, 95% CI: 1.231\u20134.106, P = 0.008). Subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis revealed significant associations between the SII and the risk of major depression was significant in multiple specific populations (P &amp;lt; 0.05). ROC curve analysis revealed that the area under the curve (AUC) value for using the SII to predict the risk of major depression was 0.585 (95% CI: 0.507\u20130.591, P = 0.024).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Higher SII values are strongly associated with a greater risk of major depression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1580151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T01:26:11Z","timestamp":1746667571000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The correlation between systemic immune-inflammation index and major depression in patients with depression"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yixuan","family":"Bai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zanxi","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huirong","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pan","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010578","article-title":"Selected biomarkers of depression: what are the effects of cytokines and inflammation","volume":"24","author":"Harsanyi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9","article-title":"Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"396","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1712493","article-title":"Depression in the primary care setting","volume":"380","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X20666220201084536","article-title":"DNA methylation in depression and depressive-like phenotype: biomarker or target of pharmacological intervention","volume":"20","author":"Paoli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796024000295","article-title":"The long-term spatio-temporal trends in burden and attributable risk factors of major depressive disorder at global, regional and national levels during 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for GBD 2019","volume":"33","author":"Mo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.05.053","article-title":"Pathogenesis of depression: Insights from human and rodent studies","volume":"321","author":"M\u00e9nard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.06.002","article-title":"The bidirectional relationship of depression and inflammation: double trouble","volume":"107","author":"Beurel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-020-1815-6","article-title":"Microglia in depression: current perspectives","volume":"64","author":"Jia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci China Life Sci"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.02.010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.02.010","article-title":"Inflammatory markers in depression: A meta-analysis of mean differences and variability in 5,166 patients and 5,083 controls","volume":"87","author":"Osimo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.08.001","article-title":"Defective inflammatory pathways in never-treated depressed patients are associated with poor treatment response","volume":"99","author":"Syed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2023.106893","article-title":"Treg cell: Critical role of regulatory T-cells in depression","volume":"195","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.05.070","article-title":"Classifying depression using blood biomarkers: A large population study","volume":"140","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5038217","article-title":"Preoperative systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) for predicting the survival of patients with stage I-III gastric cancer with a signet-ring cell (SRC) component","volume":"2020","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2023.2272800","article-title":"Association between the systemic immune-inflammation index and prostate cancer","volume":"75","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutr Cancer"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25158441","article-title":"Inflammation and colorectal cancer: A meta-analysis of the prognostic significance of the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) and the systemic inflammation response index (SIRI)","volume":"25","author":"Menyhart","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_20_24","article-title":"Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI) and Systemic Immune-Inflammatory Index (SII) as markers of severity among patients having COVID-19 infection","volume":"13","author":"Reddy","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-023-01029-w","article-title":"Association between admission systemic immune-inflammation index and mortality in critically ill patients with sepsis: a retrospective cohort study based on MIMIC-IV database","volume":"23","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-022-03320-3","article-title":"Could systemic immune inflammation index be a new parameter for diagnosis and disease activity assessment in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"55","author":"Ozdemir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12081034","article-title":"Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte, monocyte-to-lymphocyte, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio and systemic immune-inflammatory index in different states of bipolar disorder","volume":"12","author":"Dadouli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dad2.12517","article-title":"Exploring the links among peripheral immunity, biomarkers, cognition, and neuroimaging in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement (Amst)"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbz068","article-title":"Innate immune cells and C-reactive protein in acute first-episode psychosis and schizophrenia: relationship to psychopathology and treatment","volume":"46","author":"Steiner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1330338","article-title":"Association between systemic immune-inflammation index and post-stroke depression: a cross-sectional study of the national health and nutrition examination survey 2005-2020","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-S002","article-title":"2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of medical care in diabetes-2020","volume":"43","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15026","article-title":"2020 international society of hypertension global hypertension practice guidelines","volume":"75","author":"Unger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp11X572472","article-title":"Impact of the QOF and the NICE guideline in the diagnosis and management of depression: a qualitative study","volume":"61","author":"Mitchell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M22-2056","article-title":"Nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic treatments of adults in the acute phase of major depressive disorder: A living clinical guideline from the american college of physicians","volume":"176","author":"Qaseem","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2021.577793","article-title":"Relationship of selective complement markers with schizophrenia","volume":"363","author":"Mohd Asyraf","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11010058","article-title":"Platelet-to-lymphocyte and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio in bipolar disorder","volume":"11","author":"Fusar-Poli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12050","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30487-6","article-title":"IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, TNF- \u03b1 and CRP in elderly patients with depression or alzheimer's disease: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Ng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2019.152143","article-title":"Longitudinal population subgroups of CRP and risk of depression in the ALSPAC birth cohort","volume":"96","author":"Osimo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.06.103","article-title":"Association between immune-inflammation-based prognostic index and depression: An exploratory cross-sectional analysis of NHANES data","volume":"362","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.985823","article-title":"Association between depression or anxiety symptoms and immune-inflammatory characteristics in in-patients with tuberculosis: A cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29399\/npa.27698","article-title":"Depression and anxiety disorders in COVID-19 survivors: role of inflammatory predictors","volume":"59","author":"Demiry\u00fcrek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Noro Psikiyatr Ars"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4149\/BLL_2023_072","article-title":"Neutrophil\/lymphocyte, platelet\/lymphocyte, monocyte\/lymphocyte ratios and systemic immune-inflammation index in patients with depression","volume":"124","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bratisl Lek Listy"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19018","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-70097-z","article-title":"Relative value of novel systemic immune-inflammatory indices and classical hematological parameters in predicting depression, suicide attempts and treatment response","volume":"14","author":"Ninla-Aesong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1159889","article-title":"Correlation of systemic immune-inflammation index and moderate\/major depression in patients with depressive disorders: a large sample cross-sectional study","volume":"14","author":"Cui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.12965\/jer.2040016.008","article-title":"The role of neuroinflammation on pathogenesis of affective disorders","volume":"16","author":"Rhie","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Exerc Rehabil"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00039.2016","article-title":"Neuroimmune interactions: from the brain to the immune system and vice versa","volume":"98","author":"Dantzer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.10.001","article-title":"Stress-induced metabolic disorder in peripheral CD4+ T cells leads to anxiety-like behavior","volume":"179","author":"Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-03775-9","article-title":"Characteristics of platelet-associated parameters and their predictive values in Chinese patients with affective disorders","volume":"22","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1580151\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T01:26:13Z","timestamp":1746667573000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1580151\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1580151"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1580151","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]]},"article-number":"1580151"}}