{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T17:35:55Z","timestamp":1790357755142,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neurocognitive dysfunction is a critical aspect of bipolar disorder (BD) and affected by multiple factors, which may serve as potential points for prevention and clinical intervention. This study aimed to compare the neurocognitive profiles of BD patients across different phases with those of healthy controls (HCs) via the Brief Cognitive Assessment Tool for Schizophrenia (B-CATS) and explore the relationship between neurocognitive impairment and mood symptom severity, advancing the applicability of the B-CATS for BD patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This cross-sectional study included 238 BD patients, of whom 80, 78, and 80 were in the depressive, manic\/hypomanic, and euthymic phases, respectively, and 80 HCs. The participants\u2019 neurocognitive profiles were evaluated using the B-CATS, which includes 3 tests: the Animal Fluency Test (AFT), the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), and the Trail Making Test (TMT). In addition, the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA), Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) and Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) were used to assess depression symptoms, anxiety, mania, and the degree of disability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among the four groups, the depressive group showed the most severe neurocognitive impairment, followed by the manic group, and the euthymic group was inferior to that of the healthy control group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001). Correlation analysis showed that in the depression group, depressive symptoms were inversely associated with AFT (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = -0.427, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001), DSST (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = -0.242, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.030), and total scores (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = -0.248, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.026). In the manic group, manic symptoms were inversely associated with B-CATS scores (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = -0.407, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001), and patients with current medication use had lower B-CATS total scores and TMT scores (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = -0.310, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.006; <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = -0.292, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.010, respectively). Multiple regression analysis showed that B-CATS total score was closely related to SDS- Social life (p = 0.030) in depression, YMRS score (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001) and drugs (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001) in manic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neurocognitive impairment in BD patients are present throughout the entire illness course, with the most severe deficits occurring during the depressive phase. B-CATS is a quick and simple tool for assessing neurocognitive function for BD patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1590198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T05:26:33Z","timestamp":1746681993000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Neurocognitive function across different phases of bipolar disorder: an evaluation using the B-CATS"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Lu","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinjie","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaomeng","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qijing","family":"Bo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.12","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of bipolar spectrum disorder in the world mental health survey initiative","volume":"68","author":"Merikangas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(18)32279-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017","volume":"392","author":"Disease","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet (London England)"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(15)00241-x","article-title":"Bipolar disorder","volume":"387","author":"Grande","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet (London England)"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.09.055","article-title":"The impact of the trajectory of bipolar disorder on global cognitive function: A one-year clinical prospective case-control study","volume":"278","author":"Knorr","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2008.06.009","article-title":"Cognitive endophenotypes of bipolar disorder: A meta-analysis of neuropsychological deficits in euthymic patients and their first-degree relatives","volume":"113","author":"Bora","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.2.262","article-title":"Cognitive function across manic or hypomanic, depressed, and euthymic states in bipolar disorder","volume":"161","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Ar\u00e1n","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.05.071","article-title":"Circulating inflammatory markers impact cognitive functions in bipolar depression","volume":"140","author":"Poletti","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12602","article-title":"Prevalence of cognitive impairment in major depression and bipolar disorder","volume":"20","author":"Douglas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.13364","article-title":"Long-term course of cognitive functioning in bipolar disorder: A ten-year follow-up study","volume":"26","author":"Flaaten","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.07.008","article-title":"Is processing speed a valid neurocognitive endophenotype in bipolar disorder? 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