{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T17:16:28Z","timestamp":1791566188709,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of music therapy (MT) in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the Chinese population through a meta-analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Systematic review and meta-analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed a systematic review according to the PRISMA guidelines. A systematic and comprehensive search was conducted across five databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Chinese Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), China Science and Technology Journal Database, and Wanfang Database, up to the end of September 2024, that administered MT to children with ASD. Continuous variables were reported as standardized mean differences (SMD) accompanied by 95% confidence intervals (CIs). All analyses were carried out using the Stata statistical software package version 16.0.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty-three studies were included in our meta-analysis. The results showed that MT significantly decreased the total ATEC (autism treatment evaluation checklist) score (SMD = -2.52, 95% CI: -3.69 ~ -1.35, P &amp;lt; 0.001), ABC (autism behavior checklist) (SMD = -1.07, 95% CI: -1.52 ~ -0.61, P &amp;lt; 0.001), and CARS (childhood autism rating scale) score (SMD = -1.50, 95% CI: -2.26 ~ -0.74, P &amp;lt; 0.001). Specifically, MT significantly improved communication skills (SMD = -1.10, 95% CI: -1.54 ~ -0.66, P &amp;lt; 0.001), social interaction skills (SMD = -1.69, 95% CI: -2.59 ~ -0.78, P &amp;lt; 0.001), language ability (SMD = -1.15, 95% CI: -1.56 ~ -0.74, P &amp;lt; 0.001), and cognitive function (SMD = -1.80, 95% CI: -2.73 ~ -0.87, P &amp;lt; 0.001) compared to the control group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>MT can improve communication skills, social interaction skills, language ability, and cognitive function in children with ASD disorders in the Chinese population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1611182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T11:20:06Z","timestamp":1753442406000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Effect of music therapy on children with autism spectrum disorders in the Chinese population: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yajing","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0138-4","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder","volume":"6","author":"Lord","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-022-00576-7","article-title":"Genomics, convergent neuroscience and progress in understanding autism spectrum disorder","volume":"23","author":"Willsey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.23661","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder: A review","volume":"329","author":"Hirota","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s003329171400172x","article-title":"The epidemiology and global burden of autism spectrum disorders","volume":"45","author":"Baxter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5549849","article-title":"Clinical randomized controlled study of acupuncture treatment on children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD): A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2021","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-020-00530-6","article-title":"Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder in China: A nationwide multi-center population-based study among children aged 6 to 12 years","volume":"36","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci Bull"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2012.12.001","article-title":"Music as a therapy: role in psychiatry","volume":"6","author":"Solanki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatr"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.17.3.439","article-title":"Music training improves verbal but not visual memory: cross-sectional and longitudinal explorations in children","volume":"17","author":"Ho","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnre.2016.06.018","article-title":"Effects of music therapy on mood, language, behavior, and social skills in children with autism: A meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin Nurs Res"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-010-9491-z","article-title":"Critical evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses","volume":"25","author":"Stang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13638\/j.issn.1671-4040.2019.11.021","article-title":"A study on the effect of music therapy combined with language training on autism","volume":"19","author":"Yi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pract Clin J Integrated Traditional Chin Western Medicin"},{"key":"B12","first-page":"565","article-title":"Research on the efficacy duration of auditory integration training in the treatment of children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin J Child Health Care"},{"key":"B13","volume-title":"Effect of Music Therapy on Autistic Children","author":"Guanghong","year":"2017"},{"key":"B14","first-page":"68","article-title":"Rehabilitation effect of music therapy on children with autistic spectrum disorders","volume":"31","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin Primary Health Care"},{"key":"B15","first-page":"8505+8508","article-title":"Study on the influence of music on the treatment of autism in children","volume":"3","author":"Fu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Med Literature"},{"key":"B16","first-page":"220","article-title":"The efficacy observation of music therapy combined with speech training in the language rehabilitation of autistic children","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin Sci J Hearing Speech Rehabil"},{"key":"B17","first-page":"27","article-title":"Observation and empirical research on the clinical effect of music therapy intervention on children with autism","author":"Hui","year":"2016","journal-title":"China Rural Health"},{"key":"B18","first-page":"37","article-title":"Effects of auditory integrative training and psychological nursing on low-functional autistic children","volume":"52","author":"Sun Yuyan","year":"2014","journal-title":"China Modern Doctor"},{"key":"B19","article-title":"Effect of auditory integration training on the rehabilitation of children with autism","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin J Child Health Care"},{"key":"B20","article-title":"Music therapy combined with scalp acupuncture for autism","author":"Liu","year":"2011"},{"key":"B21","first-page":"60","article-title":"The effect on childhood autism with melodic intonation therapy","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Henan University(Medical Science)"},{"key":"B22","volume-title":"Clinical observation and experimental study on acupuncture combined with music therapy in the treatment of autism","author":"Gang","year":"2006"},{"key":"B23","first-page":"58","article-title":"Effects of visual music training on children with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med J Chin People's Health"},{"key":"B24","first-page":"802","article-title":"Effect of language cognitive training combined with music therapy on improving language expression and comprehension abilities in children with autism","volume":"33","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Modern Pract Med"},{"key":"B25","first-page":"23","article-title":"Clinical sffects of group music therapy on children with infantile autism","volume":"34","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pract Traditional Chin Internal Med"},{"key":"B26","article-title":"Application of music care in the care of autistic children","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Henan Med Res"},{"key":"B27","first-page":"71","article-title":"Analysis of the clinical application of music therapy in the rehabilitation of autistic children","author":"Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renowned Doctor"},{"key":"B28","article-title":"The application value of music therapy in the rehabilitation of autistic children","volume":"39","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Northern Music"},{"key":"B29","article-title":"Effect of music therapy combined with language training on the rehabilitation of language function in children with autism","volume":"27","author":"Yuhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin J Convalescent Med"},{"key":"B30","article-title":"Analysis of the rehabilitation effect of music intervention therapy on language disorders in children with autism","volume":"26","author":"Liyuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Res"},{"key":"B31","first-page":"69","article-title":"Observation on the effect of music therapy in the rehabilitation treatment of children with autism","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med J Chin People's Health"},{"key":"B32","article-title":"The effect of music therapy on rehabilitation training of childhood autism","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"China Continuing Med Educ"},{"key":"B33","article-title":"Rehabilitation applications of music therapy in children with autism","volume":"7","author":"Lingyi","year":"2015","journal-title":"China Continuing Med Educ"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08098131.2024.2396105","article-title":"Exploring music in the everyday lives of autistic women: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis","volume":"34","author":"Shalit","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nordic J Music Ther"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2023.100716","article-title":"The transformative power of music: Insights into neuroplasticity, health, and disease","volume":"35","author":"Zaatar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Behavior Immun - Health"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-18444-4_14","article-title":"Biophysics of Brain Plasticity and Its Correlation to Music Learning","volume-title":"Advances in Speech and Music Technology: Computational Aspects and Applications, edited by Anupam Biswas, Emile Wennekes, Alicja Wieczorkowska and Rabul Hussain Laskar, 269-282","author":"Talukdar","year":"2023"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02671-4","article-title":"Biological principles for music and mental health","volume":"13","author":"Bowling","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trans Psychiatry"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1222961","article-title":"Intracranial dissemination in a primary small cell carcinoma of the brain: a case report and literature review","volume":"13","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1182181","article-title":"The effect and mechanisms of music therapy on the autonomic nervous system and brain networks of patients of minimal conscious states: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"17","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1392610","article-title":"Middle ear neuroendocrine tumor with multiple brain metastases: a case report and literature review","volume":"14","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.793258","article-title":"Rhythmic relating: bidirectional support for social timing in autism therapies","volume":"13","author":"Daniel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1744629518772648","article-title":"The role of technology-mediated music-making in enhancing engagement and social communication in children with autism and intellectual disabilities","volume":"24","author":"Kossyvaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Intellect Disabil"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.4103\/2277-9175.161584","article-title":"Music therapy: An effective approach in improving social skills of children with autism","volume":"4","author":"Ghasemtabar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv BioMed Res"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361313511709","article-title":"Bill is now singing: joint engagement and the emergence of social communication of three young children with autism","volume":"19","author":"Vaiouli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1080\/07351690.2023.2185070","article-title":"Music therapy with autistic children: creating an intersubjective field of play through improvisation","volume":"43","author":"Birnbaum","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychoanalytic Inq"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00600","article-title":"Music-evoked emotions\u2014current studies","volume":"11","author":"Schaefer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"B47","volume-title":"The concept and foundations of infant intersubjectivity","author":"Trevarthen","year":"1998"},{"key":"B48","volume-title":"Foundations for developing a concept of self: The role of imitation in relating self to other and the value of social mirroring, social modeling, and self practice in infancy","author":"Meltzoff","year":"1990"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2201655119","article-title":"How musical rhythm training improves short-term memory for faces","volume":"119","author":"Zanto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00266","article-title":"Music training, working memory, and neural oscillations: A review","volume":"11","author":"Yurgil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1360.017","article-title":"Temporal entrainment of cognitive functions: musical mnemonics induce brain plasticity and oscillatory synchrony in neural networks underlying memory","volume":"1060","author":"Thaut","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.968144","article-title":"Effects of music training in executive function performance in children: A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Rodriguez-Gomez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.13358","article-title":"A translational application of music for preschool cognitive development: RCT evidence for improved executive function, self-regulation, and school readiness","volume":"26","author":"Bentley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dev Sci"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-018-0287-3","article-title":"Music improves social communication and auditory-motor connectivity in children with autism","volume":"8","author":"Sharda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2017.04.004","article-title":"The default mode network in autism","volume":"2","author":"Padmanabhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry: Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e32831a8722","article-title":"Amygdala activity can be modulated by unexpected chord functions during music listening","volume":"19","author":"Koelsch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2014.00192","article-title":"Intact brain processing of musical emotions in autism spectrum disorder, but more cognitive load and arousal in happy vs. sad music","volume":"8","author":"Gebauer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1611182\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T11:20:10Z","timestamp":1753442410000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1611182\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1611182"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1611182","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"article-number":"1611182"}}