{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:27:30Z","timestamp":1787027250419,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite decades of nutrition, obesity, and diabetes research, and worsening prevalences and severities of virtually every chronic metabolic disease, the scientific community remains divided over the existence and veracity of the concept of food addiction. There are numerous rationalizations \u2014 1) you need food to survive, (of which \u201cFood is Medicine\u201d is the latest mantra); 2) people with obesity should not be stigmatized as \u201cmentally ill\u201d; 3) people with obesity should instead adhere to \u201cpersonal responsibility\u201d; 4) the data are incomplete and not strong enough; 5) it\u2019s correlation but not causation; 6) everyone is exposed, but not everyone is addicted; 7) there is no \u201cwithdrawal\u201d phenotype; and 8) it\u2019s not \u201cfood addiction\u201d but \u201ceating addiction\u201d. All are in play, yet more health care dollars are diverted to the treatment of food-related disease every year. While various ingestible chemicals (e.g. nicotine, cocaine, heroin, alcohol) are clearly addictive, it appears to be a stretch by some scientists to argue that individual substances found in food (e.g. sugar, caffeine), or the food itself (e.g. ultraprocessed food), rise to meet the same criteria. Symposia on food addiction proliferate and journal debates continue. The definition of addiction consists of numerous criteria, including public health demographics, biochemistry, imaging, animal trials, clinical trials, and economics. None of these have proven to be \u201cslam dunks\u201d to align a general consensus. But paramount for scientific acceptance is the delineation of mechanism. This article will review the history of the controversy, the data on which foods are most likely to be addictive, the two mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of food addiction and relate it to the most likely culprits, and the role of the food industry in promulgating false narratives, in order to provide a rational way forward from this debate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1621742","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T05:25:07Z","timestamp":1756358707000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The battle over \u201cfood addiction\u201d"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Robert H.","family":"Lustig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32152-9","article-title":"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death 1980-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"390","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e103543","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013543","article-title":"Health and economic benefits of reducing sugar intake in the United States, including effects via non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a microsimulation model","volume":"7","author":"Vreman","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2017-210375","article-title":"Science organisations and Coca-Cola\u2019s \u2018war\u2019 with the public health community: insights from an internal industry document","volume":"72","author":"Barlow","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10040477","article-title":"What is the evidence for \u2018food addiction?\u2019 A systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Gordon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.15288\/qjsa.1956.17.198","article-title":"The descriptive features of food addiction; addictive eating and drinking","volume":"17","author":"Randolph","year":"1956","journal-title":"Q J Stud Alcohol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2010.06.008","article-title":"Fructose: metabolic, hedonic, and societal parallels with ethanol","volume":"110","author":"Lustig","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2012.662092","article-title":"The obesity epidemic and food addiction: clinical similarities to drug dependence","volume":"44","author":"Fortuna","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"B8","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5","year":"2013"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2007.04.019","article-title":"Evidence for sugar addiction: behavioral and neurochemical effects of intermittent, excessive sugar intake","volume":"32","author":"Avena","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0b013e318193c993","article-title":"Food addiction: An examination of the diagnostic criteria for dependence","volume":"3","author":"Gold","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Addict Med"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e32833ad4d4","article-title":"Neurobiology of food addiction","volume":"13","author":"Blumenthal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Concepts Nutr Metab Care"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3212","article-title":"Obesity and the brain: how convincing is the addiction model","volume":"13","author":"Ziauddeen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3212-c1","article-title":"Tossing the baby out with the bathwater after a brief rinse? 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