{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T20:09:28Z","timestamp":1792613368496,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The widespread recognition of the link between procrastination and negative emotions is accompanied by a need for greater clarity regarding the underlying mechanisms of this connection. This study aims to systematically review and meta-analyze the association between procrastination and negative emotions, specifically focusing on depression, anxiety, and stress.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Through comprehensive searches across five databases, we have included a total of 88 studies, encompassing 63,323 participants across 17 countries. Utilizing Stata 18.0, we conducted separate meta-analyses for each of the three negative emotions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results indicate a moderate positive correlation between procrastination and negative emotions, with a combined effect size of r=0.342. Subgroup analyses reveal variations in the strength of this association across different types of procrastination. Furthermore, the results of the publication bias test indicate no significant bias.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>By unveiling the close connection between procrastination and negative emotions, and preliminarily exploring the bidirectional relationship between procrastination and negative emotions based on the included longitudinal studies, this study has reinforced the theoretical foundation of this field. Policymakers should consider the association with procrastination behaviors when aiming to improve people\u2019s mental health and well-being.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>Systematic Review Registration:<\/jats:bold>\n                      PROSPERO (CRD420251041427).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1624094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T05:38:19Z","timestamp":1761197899000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The association between procrastination and negative emotions in healthy individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yuyang","family":"Nie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenlei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangbing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianci","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinchao","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.133.1.65","article-title":"The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure","volume":"133","author":"Steel","year":"2007","journal-title":"psychol Bull"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022107302314","article-title":"Frequent behavioral delay tendencies by adults","volume":"38","author":"Ferrari","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Cross-Cultural Psychol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148054","article-title":"Procrastination, distress and life satisfaction across the age range \u2013 A german representative community study","volume":"11","author":"Beutel","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/per.1851","article-title":"Sex, education and procrastination: an epidemiological study of procrastinators\u2019 Characteristics from a global sample","volume":"27","author":"Steel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Pers"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1037\/10808-001","article-title":"Procrastination in academic settings: general introduction","author":"Schouwenburg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Couns procrastinator Acad settings"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2015.02.038","article-title":"The relationship between procrastination and academic performance: A meta-analysis","volume":"82","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2008.05.015","article-title":"A mega-trial investigation of goal setting, interest enhancement, and energy on procrastination","volume":"45","author":"Gr\u00f6pel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10212-015-0266-5","article-title":"Procrastination, self-regulation failure, academic life satisfaction, and affective well-being: underregulation or misregulation form","volume":"31","author":"Balkis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Psychol Educ"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ejihpe14080143","article-title":"Tomorrow never comes: the risks of procrastination for adolescent health","volume":"14","author":"P\u00e9rez-Jorge","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Invest Health Psychol Educ"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00611","article-title":"Bedtime procrastination: introducing a new area of procrastination","volume":"5","author":"Kroese","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.11.020","article-title":"The correlation between mobile phone addiction and procrastination in students: A meta-analysis","volume":"346","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2024.112652","article-title":"The relationship between smartphone addiction and procrastination among students: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"224","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2022.101697","article-title":"Go to bed! A systematic review and meta-analysis of bedtime procrastination correlates and sleep outcomes","volume":"66","author":"Hill","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2006.11.003","article-title":"\u2018I\u2019ll look after my health, later\u2019: A replication and extension of the procrastination\u2013health model with community-dwelling adults","volume":"43","author":"Sirois","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2024.108185","article-title":"Procrastination and preventive health-care in the older U.S. population","author":"Monaghan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-8869(94)00176-s","article-title":"Trait procrastination and the Big-five factors of personality","volume":"18","author":"Schouwenburg","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0191-8869(00)00019-2","article-title":"Procrastination and the five-factor model: a facet level analysis","volume":"30","author":"Watson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/21683603.2020.1841051","article-title":"The influence of personality types on academic procrastination among undergraduate students","volume":"10","author":"Ocansey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J School Educ Psychol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2004.09.006","article-title":"Basic dimensions of temperament and their relation to anxiety and depression: A symptom-based perspective","volume":"39","author":"Watson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Res Pers"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.4.1.5","article-title":"Normal personality assessment in clinical practice: the NEO personality inventory","volume":"4","author":"Costa","year":"1992","journal-title":"psychol Assess"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2018.02.002","article-title":"Behavioral and structural adaptations to stress","volume":"49","author":"Cameron","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107571","article-title":"The overlapping region in right hippocampus accounting for the link between trait anxiety and procrastination","volume":"146","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2010.03.028","article-title":"\u2018I\u2019ll go to therapy, eventually\u2019: Procrastination, stress and mental health","volume":"49","author":"Stead","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcbs.2019.07.007","article-title":"From psychological distress to academic procrastination: Exploring the role of psychological inflexibility","volume":"13","author":"Eisenbeck","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Contextual Behav Sci"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-16605-8","article-title":"The chain mediating roles of anxiety and depression in the relationship between the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and procrastination in adolescents: a longitudinal study","volume":"23","author":"Qiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-024-03654-6","article-title":"A one-year longitudinal study on the mediating role of problematic TikTok use and gender differences in the association between academic stress and academic procrastination","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Humanities Soc Sci Commun"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10212-023-00756-8","article-title":"Vicious and virtuous relationships between procrastination and emotions: an investigation of the reciprocal relationship between academic procrastination and learning-related anxiety and hope","volume":"39","author":"Gadosey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Psychol Educ"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.49346","article-title":"Associations between procrastination and subsequent health outcomes among university students in Sweden","volume":"6","author":"Johansson","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18115570","article-title":"Striving to avoid inferiority and procrastination among university students: the mediating roles of stress and self-control","volume":"18","author":"To","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-025-10351-4","article-title":"The impact of depression on bedtime procrastination in high school students in pandemic era: the mediating roles of conscientiousness and emotional stability","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Behav Med"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10615806.2020.1722573","article-title":"Prior day negative affect influences current day procrastination: A lagged daily diary analysis","volume":"33","author":"Pollack","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anxiety Stress Coping"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-024-08346-0","article-title":"Effects of cancer severity on the relationship between emotional intelligence, perceived social support, and psychological distress in Italian women","volume":"32","author":"Bruno","year":"2024","journal-title":"Supportive Care Cancer"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/da\/6663877","article-title":"Psychological distress in childbearing persons during the COVID-19 pandemic: A multi-trajectory study of anger, anxiety, and depression","volume":"2025","author":"Ou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Depression Anxiety"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0924-9338(14)78750-4","article-title":"EPA-1595 - Factors affecting negative emotions of depression, anxiety and stress in online social networking services","volume":"29","author":"Lyrakos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/EFI-180221","article-title":"The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) version 2018 for information professionals and researchers","volume":"34","author":"Hong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Educ Inf"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.90.1.175","article-title":"On the use of beta coefficients in meta-analysis","volume":"90","author":"Peterson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155","article-title":"A power primer","volume":"112","author":"Cohen","year":"1992","journal-title":"psychol Bull"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses","volume":"327","author":"Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2005.01.016","article-title":"The performance of tests of publication bias and other sample size effects in systematic reviews of diagnostic test accuracy was assessed","volume":"58","author":"Deeks","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/spc3.12011","article-title":"Procrastination and the priority of short-term mood regulation: consequences for future self","volume":"7","author":"Sirois","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc Pers Psychol Compass"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1515\/sh-2016-0016","article-title":"Procrastination as a form of misregulation in the context of affect and self-regulation","volume":"5","author":"Pietrzak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Studia Humana"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjhp.12658","article-title":"Procrastination and health: A longitudinal test of the roles of stress and health behaviours","volume":"28","author":"Sirois","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Health Psychol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03451-4","article-title":"Longitudinal Relationships among Problematic Mobile Phone use, Bedtime procrastination, Sleep Quality and Depressive Symptoms in Chinese College students: a cross-lagged Panel Analysis","volume":"21","author":"Cui","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10869-022-09817-z","article-title":"Overcoming procrastination: time pressure and positive affect as compensatory routes to action","volume":"38","author":"K\u00fchnel","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Business Psychol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000186","article-title":"Self-discrepancy theory as a transdiagnostic framework: A meta-analysis of self-discrepancy and psychopathology","volume":"145","author":"Mason","year":"2019","journal-title":"psychol Bull"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2024.104327","article-title":"Analysing psycho-social conditions of people during the COVID-19 pandemic: A case of Kerala","volume":"103","author":"Rajesh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Disaster Risk Reduction"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40747-024-01346-x","article-title":"Unravelling the complexities of depression with medical intelligence: exploring the interplay of genetics, hormones, and brain function","volume":"10","author":"Heyat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Complex Intelligent Syst"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.36.5.1873","article-title":"Frequency of depression, anxiety and stress among university students","volume":"36","author":"Asif","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pakistan J Med Sci"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.784471","article-title":"Self-report measures of procrastination exhibit inconsistent concurrent validity, predictive validity, and psychometric properties","volume":"13","author":"Vangsness","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/s0191-8869(00)00013-1","article-title":"Procrastination and personality, performance, and mood","volume":"30","author":"Steel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1624094\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T05:38:20Z","timestamp":1761197900000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1624094\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1624094"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1624094","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"article-number":"1624094"}}