{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T14:01:39Z","timestamp":1761746499628,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dementia presents with significant heterogeneity across age groups, particularly in early-onset cognitive decline (EOCD), which poses diagnostic and management challenges. The Cognitive and Neuroimaging for Neurodegenerative Disorders (CogNID) study aims to characterise clinical, cognitive, neuroimaging, and biomarker features across a diverse cohort of individuals with cognitive impairment, with a focus on diagnostic complexity, biomarker utility, and mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Out of 680 study participants within this prospective cohort enrolled from the real-world clinics within the National Health Service, who consented to take part in the study, we analysed data from 429. Individuals were recruited between December 2018 and November 2024 from the Memory Clinics, including the early-onset dementia service and associated services. Participants underwent structured cognitive assessments, neuroimaging (MRI\/CT), and Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker evaluation, where available. Diagnoses were made by multidisciplinary consensus. Group comparisons were conducted between early-onset (EOCD, &amp;lt;65 years) and late-onset cognitive decline (LOCD, \u226565 years).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 429 participants, 349 (81.4%) had EOCD and 80 (18.6%) had LOCD. The mean age was 60.05 years, with no significant difference in sex or ethnicity across groups. Depression and anxiety were common (29.6%), as were cardiovascular risk factors. Lumbar punctures were more frequently performed in EOCD (p = 0.03), with 36.4% of tested participants demonstrating biomarker profiles consistent with Alzheimer\u2019s disease (A+T+). Functional cognitive disorder (FCD) was more common in EOCD (22.3% vs. 5.0%, p &amp;lt; 0.001). Subgroup analysis revealed significantly lower\u00a0ACE-III scores and higher pathological CSF findings in Alzheimer\u2019s disease versus FCD. Mortality was higher in the LOCD group (11.3% vs. 4.6%, p = 0.03).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The CogNID study highlights the clinical and diagnostic heterogeneity of individuals with cognitive impairment, particularly in younger adults. Incorporating neuroimaging and CSF biomarkers into routine clinical pathways enhances diagnostic precision and reveals distinct phenotypic profiles between EOCD and LOCD. These findings underscore the need for harmonised diagnostic protocols, broader biomarker accessibility, and inclusive recruitment strategies in dementia research and clinical services.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1630082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T11:24:48Z","timestamp":1761737088000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Cognitive and Neuroimaging for Neurodegenerative Disorders Study (CogNID): design and initial findings from real-world clinical practice"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Akram A.","family":"Hosseini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beili","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abigail Rebecca","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Permesh","family":"Dhillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kehinde","family":"Junaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Gran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Sellars","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Sargisson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"JeYoung","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeta B.","family":"Mukaetova-Ladinska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Young onset dementia\n          \n          \n            \n              Dementia\n              UK\n            \n          \n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B2","volume-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Society says 19,000 people in England could be living with undiagnosed young-onset dementia","year":"2023"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.20100266","article-title":"The diagnostic challenge of young-onset dementia syndromes and primary psychiatric diseases: results from a retrospective 20-year cross-sectional study","volume":"34","author":"Tsoukra","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjb.2021.104","article-title":"Differences in care between younger and older patients in the 2019 English national memory service audit","volume":"46","author":"Cook","year":"2022","journal-title":"BJPsych Bull"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.2161","article-title":"Global prevalence of young-onset dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"78","author":"Hendriks","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"B6","unstructured":"What is schizophrenia\n          \n          \n          \n          2023"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.9.1206","article-title":"The prevalence and causes of dementia in people under the age of 65 years","volume":"74","author":"Harvey","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.2439","article-title":"Impact of early onset dementia on caregivers: a review","volume":"25","author":"Van Vliet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J geriatric Psychiatry"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.2217\/nmt-2017-0029","article-title":"Understanding important issues in young-onset dementia care: The perspective of healthcare professionals","volume":"8","author":"Spreadbury","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurodegenerative Dis Manage"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01296-0","article-title":"Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the Lancet standing Commission","volume":"404","author":"Livingston","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102277","article-title":"Worldwide cohort studies to support healthy ageing research: data availabilities and gaps","author":"Khalatbari-Soltani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e48","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2019.36","article-title":"Young-onset dementia: scoping review of key pointers to diagnostic accuracy","volume":"5","author":"O\u2019Malley","year":"2019","journal-title":"BJPsych Open"},{"key":"B13","volume-title":"Dementia: assessment, management and support for people living with dementia and their carers","year":"2021"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000351671","article-title":"Validation of the Addenbrooke\u2019s Cognitive Examination III in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"36","author":"Hsieh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dementia geriatric Cogn Disord"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S151253","article-title":"Addenbrooke\u2019s cognitive examination III in the diagnosis of dementia: a critical review","volume":"15","author":"Bruno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e31824b211b","article-title":"Accuracy of the clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer Disease Centers, 2005-2010","volume":"71","author":"Beach","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","article-title":"The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment","volume":"53","author":"Nasreddine","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Geriatrics Soc"},{"key":"B18","volume-title":"BCoS cognitive screen","author":"Humphreys","year":"2012"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0000000000000279","article-title":"Version 3 of the national Alzheimer\u2019s coordinating center\u2019s uniform data set","volume":"32","author":"Besser","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis Associated Disord"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610204000043","article-title":"The Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale (RUDAS): a multicultural cognitive assessment scale","volume":"16","author":"Storey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x","article-title":"The hospital anxiety and depression scale","volume":"67","author":"Zigmond","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta psychiatrica scandinavica"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.12.2308","article-title":"The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia","volume":"44","author":"Cummings","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2024.120607","article-title":"Memory impairment in Amyloid\u03b2-status Alzheimer\u2019s disease is associated with a reduction in CA1 and dentate gyrus volume: In vivo MRI at 7T","volume":"292","author":"Hari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.088815","article-title":"Correlation between cognitive impairment in early-stage amyloid-positive alzheimer\u2019s disease and CA1 hippocampal subfield volume loss using 7T MRI","volume":"20","author":"Adeyemi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-215650","article-title":"Clinical utility of cerebrospinal fluid A\u03b242 and tau measures in diagnosing mild cognitive impairment in early onset dementia","volume":"87","author":"Hosseini","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Alzheimer\u2019s Dis"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/nmt.14.47","article-title":"Collaborative transdisciplinary team approach for dementia care","volume":"4","author":"Galvin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurodegener Dis Manag"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrl.2014.05.004","article-title":"Validation of the Spanish version of Addenbrooke\u2019s Cognitive Examination III for diagnosing dementia","volume":"30","author":"Matias-Guiu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurologia"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy059","article-title":"Longitudinal tau PET in ageing and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"141","author":"Jack","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-025-03275-w","article-title":"Global burden of young-onset dementia, from 1990 to 2021: an age-period-cohort analysis from the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"15","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trans Psychiatry"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1177\/1471301215626889","article-title":"How people come to recognise a problem and seek medical help for a person showing early signs of dementia: A systematic review and meta-ethnography","volume":"17","author":"Perry-Young","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dementia"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-024-10947-8","article-title":"Identifying barriers to outpatient appointment attendance in patient groups at risk of inequity: a mixed methods study in a London NHS trust","volume":"24","author":"Sung","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-016-0332-y","article-title":"Barriers and strategies for recruitment of racial and ethnic minorities: perspectives from neurological clinical research coordinators","volume":"4","author":"Haley","year":"2017","journal-title":"J racial ethnic Health disparities"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-142940","article-title":"Depressive symptoms and biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease in cognitively normal older adults","volume":"46","author":"Donovan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254639","article-title":"Late-life depression, subjective cognitive decline, and their additive risk in incidence of dementia: a nationwide longitudinal study","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.08.026","article-title":"Depression, depression treatments, and risk of incident dementia: a prospective cohort study of 354,313 participants","volume":"93","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2014.10.005","article-title":"Anxiety symptoms in amnestic mild cognitive impairment are associated with medial temporal atrophy and predict conversion to Alzheimer disease","volume":"23","author":"Mah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)90608-X","article-title":"15-year longitudinal study of blood pressure and dementia","volume":"347","author":"Skoog","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.2012.02758.x","article-title":"Diabetes as a risk factor for dementia and mild cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies","volume":"42","author":"Cheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(05)70284-2","article-title":"Risk of dementia in diabetes mellitus: a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Biessels","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30367-6","article-title":"Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission","volume":"396","author":"Livingston","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B41","unstructured":"Alzheimer's Research UK. Beyond dementia risk reduction: a consensus statement on brain health\n          \n          \n          UK Brain Health Clinic Guidelines\n          \n          2021"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13859","article-title":"Revised criteria for diagnosis and staging of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Alzheimer\u2019s Association Workgroup","volume":"20","author":"Jack","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.076814","article-title":"The cerebrospinal fluid A-T+ Alzheimer disease biomarker profile: prevalence and clinical relevance","volume":"19","author":"Eriksson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-024-00599-y","article-title":"Disease staging of Alzheimer's disease using a CSF-based biomarker model","volume":"4","author":"Salvad\u00f3","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Aging"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.789190","article-title":"Functional cognitive disorder presents high frequency and distinct clinical profile in patients with low education","volume":"14","author":"Borelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30405-5","article-title":"Functional cognitive disorders: a systematic review","volume":"7","author":"McWhirter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"B47","volume-title":"Dementia: Assessment, management and support for people living with dementia and their carers","year":"2018"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-018-01967-w","article-title":"Comparison of clinical and neuropathological diagnoses of neurodegenerative diseases in two centres from the Brains for Dementia Research (BDR) cohort","volume":"126","author":"Selvackadunco","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa438","article-title":"The development and convergence of co-pathologies in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"144","author":"Robinson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2023.5319","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of a plasma phosphorylated tau 217 immunoassay for Alzheimer disease pathology","volume":"81","author":"Ashton","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13987","article-title":"Screening instruments to detect problematic alcohol use among adults in hospitals and their diagnostic test accuracy: A systematic review","volume":"44","author":"Bisschop","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Review"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2024.2374936","article-title":"Dementia diagnosis rates and the impact of ethnicity, rurality and deprivation","volume":"29","author":"Hazan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging Ment Health"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5046","article-title":"Ethnic differences in cognition and age in people diagnosed with dementia: A study of electronic health records in two large mental healthcare providers","volume":"34","author":"Mukadam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-022-01135-z","article-title":"Ethnicity and survival after a dementia diagnosis: a retrospective cohort study using electronic health record data","volume":"15","author":"Co","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Res Ther"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0289893","article-title":"Improving diagnosis and management of dementia in primary care: a feasibility and acceptability study of an e-learning intervention for GPs in the UK","volume":"18","author":"Mukadam","year":"2023","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.70220","article-title":"Genetic and environmental risk factors for dementia in African adults: A systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Donkor","year":"2025","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205019666220315092008","article-title":"Cognitive assessment of dementia: the need for an inclusive design tool","volume":"19","author":"Mukaetova-Ladinska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Alzheimer Res"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.3233\/ADR-230194","article-title":"Culture-fair cognitive screening tools for assessment of cognitive impairment: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Chithiramohan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Alzheimer\u2019s Dis Rep"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1630082\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T11:24:50Z","timestamp":1761737090000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1630082\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1630082"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1630082","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"article-number":"1630082"}}