{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T12:53:15Z","timestamp":1773406395578,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although post-earthquake psychological distress arises from a complex interplay of personal vulnerabilities and environmental stressors, the pathways by which these factors interact remain underexplored. We surveyed 327 hospital nurses in Nanao City, Japan, approximately eight months after the magnitude-7.5 2024 Noto Peninsula earthquake; 224 complete responses were analyzed. Participants completed the Impact of Event Scale-Revised and a bespoke questionnaire assessing age, location during the earthquake, seven binary stress factors (home damage, relocation, community damage, change in co-residents, decline in family health, economic damage, earthquake-related sounds), and avoidant\/emotion-focused coping. Analyses for each factor identified significant associations between IES-R scores and all stress factors except location during the earthquake and change in co-residents. ANCOVA adjusting for all predictors retained community damage, family health decline, economic damage, and coping as significant. Path analysis revealed two robust indirect pathways from age to distress: \u201cage \u2013 community damage \u2013 IES-R\u201d and \u201cage \u2013 home damage \u2013 economic damage \u2013 IES-R\u201d, plus a direct \u201cage \u2013 intrusion\u201d path. Decline in family health also influenced distress indirectly via economic loss. These findings demonstrate that older nurses\u2019 elevated PTSS risk operates largely through greater exposure to specific disaster-related hardships, rather than age per se. Interventions should therefore combine individual support (e.g., coping skills, family health monitoring) with community-level recovery (e.g., infrastructure repair, social cohesion) to mitigate long-term mental-health impacts, especially among older adults.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1631694","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T11:06:54Z","timestamp":1756120014000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Individual and environmental risk factors for post-traumatic stress among hospital nurses after the 2024 Noto Peninsula earthquake in Japan"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Naoki","family":"Furutani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Murata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wataru","family":"Miwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masae","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kakusho C.","family":"Nakajima-Ohyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2008.01911.x","article-title":"Health impact of disaster-related stress on pregnant women living in the affected area of the Noto Peninsula earthquake in Japan","volume":"63","author":"Hibino","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12403","article-title":"Psychological trauma after the Great East Japan Earthquake","volume":"70","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2022.102203","article-title":"Long term mental health trajectories after disasters and pandemics: A multilingual systematic review of prevalence, risk and protective factors","volume":"97","author":"Newnham","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-12-147","article-title":"Disaster exposure as a risk factor for mental health problems, eighteen months, four and ten years post-disaster\u2013a longitudinal study","volume":"12","author":"van den Berg","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14121537","article-title":"A meta-analysis of risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults and children after earthquakes","volume":"14","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-172","article-title":"Are the elderly more vulnerable to psychological impact of natural disaster? A population-based survey of adult survivors of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake","volume":"10","author":"Jia","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5847\/wjem.j.1920-8642.2021.02.009","article-title":"Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder after earthquakes among the elderly in China: A meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J Emerg Med"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291707001353","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder following disasters: a systematic review","volume":"38","author":"Neria","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12387","article-title":"Three-year trend survey of psychological distress, post-traumatic stress, and problem drinking among residents in the evacuation zone after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident [The Fukushima Health Management Survey","volume":"70","author":"Oe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-008-0441-y","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder six months after an earthquake: findings from a community sample in a rural region in Italy","volume":"44","author":"Priebe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2012.02366.x","article-title":"Early psychological distress among sufferers after the 2011 Northern Nagano Prefecture Earthquake","volume":"66","author":"Shindo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2008.01914.x","article-title":"Post-traumatic symptoms among the children and adolescents 2 years after the 2004 Niigata-Chuetsu earthquake in Japan","volume":"63","author":"Endo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-024-05995-6","article-title":"Shattered ground, resilient souls: examining coping strategies, social support, and earthquake exposure\u2019s effects on post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among adolescent and young adults survivors of the 2023 earthquake in T\u00fcrkiye","volume":"43","author":"Can G\u00fcr","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20612","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder: a cross-sectional study among survivors of the Wenchuan 2008 earthquake in China","volume":"26","author":"Kun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2008.01842.x","article-title":"Factors impacting on psychological distress and recovery after the 2004 Niigata-Chuetsu earthquake, Japan: community-based study","volume":"62","author":"Kuwabara","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12377","article-title":"Prospect of future housing and risk of psychological distress at 1 year after an earthquake disaster","volume":"70","author":"Nakaya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12467","article-title":"Impact of social capital on psychological distress and interaction with house destruction and displacement after the Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011","volume":"71","author":"Tsuchiya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2012.02331.x","article-title":"Psychological health and coping strategy among survivors in the year following the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake","volume":"66","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/jphr.2021.2732","article-title":"Factors affecting nurses\u2019 ability to provide effective care in a disaster response: a review","volume":"11","author":"Kimin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Public Health Res"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-015-0440-y","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder and depression prevalence and associated risk factors among local disaster relief and reconstruction workers fourteen months after the Great East Japan Earthquake: a cross-sectional study","volume":"15","author":"Sakuma","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-200203000-00006","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Japanese-language version of the impact of event scale-revised (IES-R-J): four studies of different traumatic events","volume":"190","author":"Asukai","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.4068\/cmj.2020.56.2.99","article-title":"The impact of community disaster trauma: A focus on emerging research of PTSD and other mental health outcomes","volume":"56","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chonnam Med J"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1443374","article-title":"Post traumatic stress disorder and co-morbid psychological disorders after Palestinians\u2019 home demolition: a comparative study","volume":"15","author":"Sarhan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77001","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP10903","article-title":"Long-term associations between disaster-related home loss and health and well-being of older survivors: nine years after the 2011 great east Japan earthquake and tsunami","volume":"130","author":"Shiba","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2136617","article-title":"An analysis of coping in a middle-aged community sample","volume":"21","author":"Folkman","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0686-2","article-title":"SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python","volume":"17","author":"Virtanen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2106.01140","article-title":"semopy 2: A structural equation modeling package with random effects in python","author":"Meshcheryakov","year":"2021"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-2474-z","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of post-traumatic stress disorder among elderly survivors six months after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.24754\/jjrcsns.21.1_1","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) of nurses with working in hospitals affected by disaster\u2013lessons from the kumamoto earthquake","volume":"21","author":"Kuroda","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Jpn Red Cross Soc Nurs Sci"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S122122","article-title":"Are older people more vulnerable to long-term impacts of disasters","volume":"11","author":"Rafiey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022371","article-title":"Risk factors of posttraumatic stress disorder among survivors after the 512 Wenchuan earthquake in China","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2009.01942.x","article-title":"Influence on the suicide rate two years after a devastating disaster: a report from the 1995 Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake","volume":"63","author":"Nishio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyg296","article-title":"Suicides after the 1999 Taiwan earthquake","volume":"32","author":"Chou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20599","article-title":"Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety among adolescents following the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China","volume":"24","author":"Fan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2007.01688.x","article-title":"Epidemiologic psychiatric studies on post-disaster impact among Chi-Chi earthquake survivors in Yu-Chi, Taiwan","volume":"61","author":"Chou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.06.041","article-title":"Post traumatic stress disorder and coping in a sample of adult survivors of the Italian earthquake","volume":"229","author":"Cofini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20439","article-title":"Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder among adult survivors three months after the Sichuan earthquake in China","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2018.210","article-title":"Psychological distress and psychiatric disorder after natural disasters: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"213","author":"Beaglehole","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1996.tb10680.x","article-title":"Post-traumatic symptoms among younger and elderly evacuees in the early stages following the 1995 Hanshin-Awaji earthquake in Japan","volume":"93","author":"Kato","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-022-00635-8","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder: clinical and translational neuroscience from cells to circuits","volume":"18","author":"Ressler Kerry","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2011.13.2\/jsherin","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder: the neurobiological impact of psychological trauma","volume":"13","author":"Sherin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1716-9","article-title":"Functional connectivity of hippocampal subregions in PTSD: relations with symptoms","volume":"18","author":"Malivoire","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00672","article-title":"Avoidant symptoms in PTSD predict fear circuit activation during multimodal fear extinction","volume":"7","author":"Sripada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2024.01.013","article-title":"Evidence for locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system abnormality in military posttraumatic stress disorder revealed by neuromelanin-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"96","author":"McCall","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.577328","article-title":"Earthquake exposure and PTSD symptoms among disaster-exposed adolescents: A moderated mediation model of sleep problems and resilience","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.10.1696","article-title":"REM sleep and the early development of posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"159","author":"Mellman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1614552114","article-title":"Serotonin neurons in the dorsal raphe mediate the anticataplectic action of orexin neurons by reducing amygdala activity","volume":"114","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abl6618","article-title":"Rapid eye movement sleep is initiated by basolateral amygdala dopamine signaling in mice","volume":"375","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065238","article-title":"To predict, prevent, and manage post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): A review of pathophysiology, treatment, and biomarkers","volume":"24","author":"Al Jowf","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.08.020","article-title":"Searching for non-genetic molecular and imaging PTSD risk and resilience markers: Systematic review of literature and design of the German Armed Forces PTSD biomarker study","volume":"51","author":"Schmidt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2024.0147","article-title":"Clinical utility of impact of event scale\u2013revised for diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-fifth edition posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"21","author":"Chang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1631694\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T11:06:55Z","timestamp":1756120015000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1631694\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1631694"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1631694","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]]},"article-number":"1631694"}}