{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T13:26:42Z","timestamp":1765373202777,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Various brain regions are implicated in fear responses to specific stimuli. While prior research has explored neural connectivity related to fear during COVID-19, gaps remain regarding the specific role of pre-pandemic brain structure in COVID-19-related fear and its impact on long-term psychological problems. This prospective longitudinal study aimed to explore the neural structural basis of individual differences in fear of COVID-19 during the peak of the COVID-19 outbreak in Chinese communities, as well as the neurobehavioral mechanisms by which this fear increased individual PTSD symptoms and general distress one year later.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Preceding the COVID-19 outbreak, 115 university students from Chengdu, China, were recruited and underwent 3.0T magnetic resonance imaging scans to collect brain structural data. During the peak of the COVID-19 community outbreak, participants\u2019 fear was assessed using the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. One year later, long-term post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and general distress were measured. Associations between Pre-Pandemic Brain Structure, COVID-19 Fear, Posttraumatic Stress and General Distress were examined using Structural equation model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Whole-brain multiple regression analysis identified that baseline gray matter volume (GMV) in the left (r=0.42, p&amp;lt;0.001) and right insulae (r=0.39, p&amp;lt;0.001) was positively associated with the fear of COVID-19, after adjusting for sex, age, and total GMV. Mediation analysis revealed that this fear mediated the impact of bilateral insular GMV on PTSD symptoms and general distress one year later.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The baseline bilateral insular GMV played a pivotal role in driving the level of fear during the peak of community outbreaks of COVID-19. Additionally, fear served as a crucial mediating factor influencing the association between insular and future psychological problems. These findings could aid in identifying vulnerable populations susceptible to fear during infectious disease outbreaks like COVID-19 and provide insights into identifying target areas for mental health interventions at different stages of future outbreaks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1643375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T11:48:22Z","timestamp":1765367302000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pre-pandemic brain structure and COVID-19 fear: insights into posttraumatic stress and general distress"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dongmei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yixun","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guocheng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Song","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.1562","article-title":"The mental health consequences of COVID-19 and physical distancing: the need for prevention and early intervention","volume":"180","author":"Galea","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2020.05.021","article-title":"Burnout and posttraumatic stress disorder in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: intersection, impact, and interventions","volume":"17","author":"Restauri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Radiol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bs11010007","article-title":"A nosological exploration of PTSD and trauma in disaster mental health and implications for the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"11","author":"North","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behav Sci"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-021-00577-0","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 traumatic stressors on mental health: Is COVID-19 a new trauma type","volume":"21","author":"Kira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Addiction"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.01.050","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for acute posttraumatic stress disorder during the COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"283","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.766127","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder and associated factors 1 year after the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic among Chinese residents","volume":"12","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2021.10596","article-title":"COVID 19 and post traumatic stress disorder: the perfect \u2018storm\u2019 for mental health (Review)","volume":"22","author":"Giannopoulou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22565","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress symptoms and associated comorbidity during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ireland: a population-based study","volume":"33","author":"Karatzias","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Trauma stress"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18502\/ijps.v15i4.4303","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of posttraumatic stress symptoms and stigma among health care workers in contact with COVID-19 patients","volume":"15","author":"Zandifar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iran J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.809173","article-title":"Pandemic exposure, post-traumatic stress disorder, conflict behaviors, and online aggressive behaviors among college students during the COVID-19 pandemic: examining the moderating role of gender","volume":"13","author":"Zhen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0244630","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244630","article-title":"Factors associated with psychological distress during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the predominantly general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1177\/00207640211003121","article-title":"Prevalence of anxiety, depression, and psychological distress among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"67","author":"Necho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Soc Psychiatry"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.02.016","article-title":"Psychological distress associated with the COVID-19 lockdown: a two-wave network analysis","volume":"284","author":"Di Blasi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e227629","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.7629","article-title":"Psychological distress before and during the COVID-19 pandemic among adults in the United Kingdom based on coordinated analyses of 11 longitudinal studies","volume":"5","author":"Patel","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.07.141","article-title":"Psychological distress related to COVID-19\u2013the contribution of continuous traumatic stress","volume":"277","author":"Lahav","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20838","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder in the aftermath of COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"20","author":"Greenberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.11.055","article-title":"The biology of fear","volume":"23","author":"Adolphs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11622\/smedj.2020046","article-title":"Narrative synthesis of psychological and coping responses towards emerging infectious disease outbreaks in the general population: practical considerations for the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"61","author":"Chew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.7187","article-title":"Infectious disease outbreaks, pandemics, and Hollywood-hope and fear across a century of cinema","volume":"323","author":"Dehority","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2020.102196","article-title":"Coronaphobia: fear and the 2019-nCoV outbreak","volume":"70","author":"Asmundson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00270-8","article-title":"The fear of COVID-19 scale: development and initial validation","volume":"20","author":"Ahorsu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Addict"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0001102","article-title":"The fear of COVID-19 scale: Its structure and measurement invariance across 48 countries","volume":"34","author":"Sawicki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.13274","article-title":"Factors explaining the fear of being infected with COVID-19","volume":"25","author":"Cerda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Expect"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2021.1901423","article-title":"Fear of COVID-19: What causes fear and how individuals cope with it","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Commun"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.581314","article-title":"On the nature of fear and anxiety triggered by COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Coelho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.661078","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of fear of COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S414702","article-title":"Fear, Loneliness, Happiness and Mental Health in the Post-COVID-19 Period: A Cross-Cultural Study in a Sample of Japanese and Polish University Students","volume":"16","author":"Klinkosz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol Res Behav Manage"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.02.002","article-title":"Protective behaviors against COVID-19 and their association with psychological factors in China and South Korea during the Omicron wave: a comparative study","volume":"229","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e73","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2022.26","article-title":"Fear of COVID-19 and its association with mental health-related factors: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Alimoradi","year":"2022","journal-title":"BJPsych Open"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2022.114596","article-title":"Fear of Covid-19 and health-related outcomes: results from two Brazilian population-based studies","volume":"313","author":"Meller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07481187.2021.1889097","article-title":"The relationship between fear of COVID-19 and mental health problems: a meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"\u015eim\u015fir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Death Stud"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19127207","article-title":"Longitudinal predictors of coronavirus-related PTSD among young adults from Poland, Germany, Slovenia, and Israel","volume":"19","author":"Ochnik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000958","article-title":"Psychopathology and resilience following strict COVID-19 lockdowns in Hubei, China: examining person-and context-level predictors for longitudinal trajectories","volume":"77","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1212\/01.CON.0000466667.20403.b1","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"21","author":"Jorge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Contin. Lifelong Learn Neurol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.08.023","article-title":"Understanding posttraumatic stress disorder through fear conditioning, extinction and reconsolidation","volume":"71","author":"Careaga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2016.09.016","article-title":"Deficient fear extinction memory in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"136","author":"Wicking","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurobiol Learn Mem"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1281401","article-title":"The neural circuits and molecular mechanisms underlying fear dysregulation in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"17","author":"Iqbal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00294-0","article-title":"Adaptation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: its association with psychological distress and life satisfaction in Turkey","volume":"19","author":"Satici","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Addiction"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-020-00624-w","article-title":"Factors associated with psychological distress, fear and coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia","volume":"16","author":"Rahman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Global Health"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-021-02267-5","article-title":"Fear of COVID-19: psychological distress and coping among university students in Ghana","volume":"41","author":"Oti-Boadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2021.110869","article-title":"The impact of fear and anxiety of Covid-19 on life satisfaction: psychological distress and sleep disturbance as mediators","volume":"178","author":"Duong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1264088","article-title":"Psychological distress is affected by fear of COVID-19 via lifestyle disruption and leisure restriction among older adults in Japan: a cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Zenba","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-022-03071-5","article-title":"The role of emotion regulation and intolerance to uncertainty on the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and distress","volume":"42","author":"Gullo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0001237","article-title":"Emotion regulation strategies and psychological health across cultures","volume":"79","author":"Tamir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.12867","article-title":"An evaluation of mental health and emotion regulation experienced by undergraduate nursing students in China during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study","volume":"30","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3945","article-title":"Neuronal circuits for fear and anxiety","volume":"16","author":"Tovote","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.16030353","article-title":"Using neuroscience to help understand fear and anxiety: a two-system framework","volume":"173","author":"LeDoux","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1159\/000502339","article-title":"Subcortical volume correlates of psychological distress in early adolescence","volume":"41","author":"Broadhouse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev Neurosci"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.26929","article-title":"MRI findings in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"52","author":"Kunimatsu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.492990","article-title":"Brain structures associated with individual differences in somatic symptoms and emotional distress in a healthy sample","volume":"14","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3301","article-title":"The many paths to fear","volume":"13","author":"Gross","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2014.12.003","article-title":"Neurostructural correlates of two subtypes of specific phobia: a voxel-based morphometry study","volume":"231","author":"Hilbert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-018-9960-7","article-title":"Predicting trait-like individual differences in fear of pain in the healthy state using gray matter volume","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-018-5104-4","article-title":"Mechanisms of fear learning and extinction: synaptic plasticity-fear memory connection","volume":"236","author":"Luchkina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhab232","article-title":"Predisposing variations in fear-related brain networks prospectively predict fearful feelings during the 2019 coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic","volume":"32","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"B56","first-page":"27","article-title":"The distribution of left and right handedness in Chinese people","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Psychologica Sinica"},{"key":"B57","unstructured":""},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00331-y","article-title":"Fear of COVID-19 and positivity: Mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty, depression, anxiety, and stress","volume":"19","author":"Bakio\u011flu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Addiction"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00441-7","article-title":"Psychometric evaluation of the fear of COVID-19 scale among Chinese population","volume":"20","author":"Chi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Addiction"},{"key":"B60","unstructured":"PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5)\n          \n          \n            \n              Weathers\n              FW\n            \n            \n              Litz\n              BT\n            \n            \n              Keane\n              TM\n            \n            \n              Palmieri\n              PA\n            \n            \n              Marx\n              BP\n            \n            \n              Schnurr\n              PP"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.08.038","article-title":"Psychometric property study of the posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) in Chinese healthcare workers during the outbreak of corona virus disease 2019","volume":"277","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-796700075-u","article-title":"The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories","volume":"33","author":"Lovibond","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e88","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000207","article-title":"Cross-cultural validation of the depression anxiety stress scale-21 in China","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0246824","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246824","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on physical and mental health of Asians: a study of seven middle-income countries in Asia","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2021.110691","article-title":"Predictors of emotional distress during the COVID-19 pandemic; a Croatian study","volume":"175","author":"Margeti\u0107","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0278-6133.19.6.586","article-title":"Relationship of subjective and objective social status with psychological and physiological functioning: preliminary data in healthy, White women","volume":"19","author":"Adler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"key":"B67","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Adolescents Self-Rating Life Events Checklist","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chin J Clin Psych"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(200012)56:12<1565::AID-7>3.0.CO;2-U","article-title":"Life events, locus of control, and behavioral problems among Chinese adolescents","volume":"56","author":"Liu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119185","article-title":"COVID-19 vicarious traumatization links functional connectome to general distress","volume":"255","author":"Suo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B70","unstructured":"VBM tutorial [online]\n          \n          \n            \n              Ashburner\n              J"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.07.007","article-title":"A fast diffeomorphic image registration algorithm","volume":"38","author":"Ashburner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.01.041","article-title":"Nonstationary cluster-size inference with random field and permutation methods","volume":"22","author":"Hayasaka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B73","volume-title":"Principles and practice of structural equation modeling","author":"Kline","year":"2023"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/brm.40.3.879","article-title":"Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models","volume":"40","author":"Preacher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15325024.2020.1763556","article-title":"Coronavirus disease (covid-19) and traumatic stress: probable risk factors and correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"25","author":"Boyraz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Loss Trauma"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-022-00635-8","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder: clinical and translational neuroscience from cells to circuits","volume":"18","author":"Ressler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2014.11.005","article-title":"Fear load: the psychophysiological over-expression of fear as an intermediate phenotype associated with trauma reactions","volume":"98","author":"Norrholm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2020.102291","article-title":"Facing new fears during the COVID-19 pandemic: the state of America\u2019s mental health","volume":"75","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2020.102268","article-title":"Incremental validity of coronaphobia: coronavirus anxiety explains depression, generalized anxiety, and death anxiety","volume":"74","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.21891","article-title":"The anxiety spectrum and the reflex physiology of defense: from circumscribed fear to broad distress","volume":"29","author":"McTeague","year":"2012","journal-title":"Depress anxiety"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0120101","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120101","article-title":"The relationship between fearfulness, GABA+, and fear-related BOLD responses in the insula","volume":"10","author":"Lipp","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2018.05.04.2","article-title":"Fear network model in panic disorder: the past and the future","volume":"16","author":"Lai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00318.2018","article-title":"The activity of discrete sets of neurons in the posterior insula correlates with the behavioral expression and extinction of conditioned fear","volume":"120","author":"Casanova","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2015.88","article-title":"Neural signatures of human fear conditioning: an updated and extended meta-analysis of fMRI studies","volume":"21","author":"Fullana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.11.057","article-title":"Phasic and sustained fear in humans elicits distinct patterns of brain activity","volume":"55","author":"Alvarez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31083\/j.jin.2019.01.101","article-title":"Variability in anterior insula grey matter volume correlates with awareness for peri-threshold backward-masked fearful faces","volume":"18","author":"Torrence","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Integr Neurosci"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-021-00968-9","article-title":"Attentional bias to threat and gray matter volume morphology in high anxious individuals","volume":"22","author":"Carlson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cognit Affect Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2014.08.007","article-title":"The correlation between emotional intelligence and gray matter volume in university students","volume":"91","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Cogn"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24402","article-title":"Gray matter volume of the anterior insular cortex and social networking","volume":"526","author":"Spagna","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2014.05.021","article-title":"Anatomical deficits in adult posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry studies","volume":"270","author":"Meng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.2.318","article-title":"Increased amygdala and insula activation during emotion processing in anxiety-prone subjects","volume":"164","author":"Stein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2007.10.030","article-title":"Intolerance of uncertainty correlates with insula activation during affective ambiguity","volume":"430","author":"Simmons","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-022-01292-7","article-title":"Insular cortex corticotropin-releasing factor integrates stress signaling with social affective behavior","volume":"47","author":"Rieger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2022.115036","article-title":"Real-world data of non-invasive stimulation of the human insula-prefrontal cortices using deep TMS to treat anxiety for occupational stress and generalized anxiety disorder","volume":"320","author":"Moraga-Amaro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-019-0407-7","article-title":"Emotion-based brain mechanisms and predictors for SSRI and CBT treatment of anxiety and depression: a randomized trial","volume":"44","author":"Gorka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.10.009","article-title":"Neural circuits and mechanisms involved in fear generalization: implications for the pathophysiology and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"60","author":"Lopresto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.12.017","article-title":"Neural processing during fear extinction predicts intrusive memories","volume":"5","author":"Miedl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cognit Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.102964","article-title":"Intrusive experiences in posttraumatic stress disorder: treatment response induces changes in the directed functional connectivity of the anterior insula","volume":"34","author":"Leroy","year":"2022","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.12.013","article-title":"Threat neurocircuitry predicts the development of anxiety and depression symptoms in a longitudinal study","volume":"8","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cognit Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.05.013","article-title":"An update on contextual fear memory mechanisms: Transition between Amygdala and Hippocampus","volume":"92","author":"Chaaya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4149\/BLL_2023_068","article-title":"Effects of COVID-19 on brain and cerebellum: a voxel based morphometrical analysis","volume":"124","author":"Kamasak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bratisl Med J"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2017.02.021","article-title":"Different frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"89","author":"Yan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1643375\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T11:48:24Z","timestamp":1765367304000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1643375\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"references-count":102,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1643375"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1643375","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"article-number":"1643375"}}