{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:38:59Z","timestamp":1792791539635,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite its prevalence among gamers, rage remains an understudied phenomenon in digital gaming. The present study aimed to conceptualize rage as an emotional response to in-game failure or frustration and to develop a reliable and valid self-report instrument to measure this experience.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study was conducted in two phases. In the first, theoretical and qualitative phase, a focus group and expert assessment procedure were used to define the construct of rage in gaming and develop initial items. In the second, empirical phase, an international sample of 267 participants (126 females, 124 males, 17 identifying as other; aged 18\u201352) completed an online survey. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted alongside reliability testing and correlational analyses with related psychological constructs (DERS-SF, IGDS9-SF, BAQ, PHQ-9, GAD-7).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Factor analyses resulted in an 11-item scale with a three-factor structure: Emotion, Cognition, and Arousal. The scale demonstrated good psychometric properties, including satisfactory reliability and model fit. Correlations with related constructs indicated significant associations between rage, gaming disorder symptoms, and emotional dysregulation, suggesting that gaming rage is linked to maladaptive emotional and behavioral patterns and warrants further investigation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The developed scale offers a preliminary tool for future research on rage in video game players. Its application may contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of this phenomenon and its psychological correlates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1648903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T15:26:31Z","timestamp":1763393191000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The anatomy of rage: conceptualization, operationalization, and validation of a new measurement scale"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Natalia","family":"Micha\u0142kiewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Strojny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Strojny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Global Games Market Report 2024\n          \n          \n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01022134","article-title":"Going on tilt: Frequent poker players and control","volume":"5","author":"Browne","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Gambl Behav"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2017.1321680","article-title":"Online Poker Tilt Scale (OPTS): creation and validation of a tilt assessment in a French population","volume":"17","author":"Moreau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int Gambl Stud"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2013.780631","article-title":"\u2018This is just so unfair!\u2019: A qualitative analysis of loss-induced emotions and tilting in on-line poker","volume":"13","author":"Palom\u00e4ki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Gambl Stud"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5013","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17145013","article-title":"Tilt in online poker: loss of control and gambling disorder","volume":"17","author":"Moreau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B6","unstructured":"1 HOUR OF GAMER RAGE\n          \n          \n          \n          2023"},{"key":"B7","unstructured":"Best of GAMER RAGE (FUNNY MOMENTS)\n          \n          \n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B8","article-title":"What video game caused you the most amount of rage","year":"2020"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/ppm0000481","article-title":"Rage in video gaming, characteristics of loss of control among gamers: A qualitative study","volume":"13","author":"Moreau","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychol Pop Media"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcci.2022.100513","article-title":"Gamer rage\u2014Children\u2019s perspective on issues impacting losing one\u2019s temper while playing digital games","volume":"33","author":"Kahila","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Child-Comput Interact"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14614448241270446","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448241270446","article-title":"Structures that tilt: Understanding \u201ctoxic\u201d behaviors in online gaming","author":"Donner","year":"2024","journal-title":"New Media Soc"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1409368\/full","article-title":"Conceptualization and validation of the TILT questionnaire: relationship with IGD and life satisfaction","volume":"15","author":"Bonilla","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"B13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Understanding tilt in esports: A study on young league of legends players","author":"Wu","year":"2021"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3677116","article-title":"You are tilted!: leveraging tabletop gaming to manage tilt and strengthen team dynamics in esports","volume":"8","author":"Cho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc ACM Hum-Comput Interact"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1385242\/full","article-title":"Playing for keeps or just playing with emotion? 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