{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T15:37:32Z","timestamp":1791214652623,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The research field focusing on the etiology, diagnosis and treatment of people with dissociative identity disorder (DID) is still relatively young and limited in scope. Until a few years ago, psychotherapeutic treatment for adults with DID consisted primarily of practice-based, phase-based psychodynamic psychotherapy based, whose treatment effects on dissociative symptoms are small. In recent years, fundamental research on dissociative amnesia and identity functioning has forwarded new insights important for the conceptualization of DID. In light of these emerging insights, empirically supported treatment modalities that have a strong evidence base in adjacent clinical populations have been adapted for application in individuals with DID. Initial results of first empirical studies have indicated positive outcomes, with large effects on dissociative symptoms, of several new treatment options. This review provides an overview of the theoretical models for DID and the foundational research that has led to the development of these models and contributed to adapting treatments with a strong evidence-base in adjacent populations to treat patients with DID. These applications show promising results among individuals with DID. An important next step for the near future is to systematically replicate and extend the evidence base of these promising new approaches in methodologically well-designed and comparative treatment studies. High-quality research is thus urgently needed to identify (cost-)effective treatment options for this population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1650164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T05:29:44Z","timestamp":1758778184000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Recent evidence-based developments in the treatment of DID"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"N.","family":"Bachrach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. J. C.","family":"Huntjens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","year":"2022"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/404538","article-title":"Epidemiology of dissociative disorders: An overview","volume":"20","author":"\u015ear","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.163.4.623","article-title":"Prevalence of dissociative disorders in psychiatric outpatients","volume":"163","author":"Foote","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2005.03.003","article-title":"Dissociative disorders among adults in the community, impaired functioning, and axis I and II comorbidity","volume":"40","author":"Johnson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2012.04.028","article-title":"Global functioning and disability in dissociative disorders","volume":"200","author":"Mueller-Pfeiffer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"B6","volume-title":"Dissociative identity disorder: epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, course, assessment, and diagnosis. UpToDate","author":"Foote","year":"2013"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027447","article-title":"Evaluation of the evidence for the trauma and fantasy models of dissociation","volume":"138","author":"Dalenberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"psychol Bull"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0036685","article-title":"Reality versus fantasy: Reply to Lynn et\u00a0al)","volume":"140","author":"Dalenberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"psychol Bull"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.134.5.617","article-title":"Cognitive processes in dissociation: An analysis of core theoretical assumptions","volume":"134","author":"Giesbrecht","year":"2008","journal-title":"psychol Bull"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035570","article-title":"The trauma model of dissociation: inconvenient truths and stubborn fictions. Comment on Dalenberg et\u00a0al. (2012)","volume":"140","author":"Lynn","year":"2014","journal-title":"psychol Bull"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2019.101755","article-title":"Dissociation and its disorders: Competing models, future directions, and a way forward","volume":"73","author":"Lynn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2019.1571377","article-title":"Schema therapy for Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID): Rationale and study protocol","volume":"10","author":"Huntjens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2019.1571377","article-title":"Schema therapy for Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID): further explanation about the rationale and study protocol","volume":"10","author":"Huntjens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"[1711638]","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2020.1711638","article-title":"Schematherapy in DID: Treatment length and related studies on dissociative amnesia","volume":"11","author":"Huntjens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03379560","article-title":"Trauma-related structural dissociation of the personality","volume":"52","author":"Nijenhuis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Act Nerv Super"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315886169","volume-title":"Healing the fragmented selves of trauma survivors: Overcoming internal self-alienation","author":"Fisher","year":"2017"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721002154","article-title":"A neurostructural biomarker of dissociative amnesia: A hippocampal study in dissociative identity disorder","volume":"53","author":"Dimitrova","year":"2021","journal-title":"psychol Med"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291722001118","article-title":"The elusive search for a biomarker of dissociative amnesia: a reaction to Dimitrova et\u00a0al. (2021)","volume":"52","author":"Huntjens","year":"2022","journal-title":"psychol Med"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/lcrp.12272","article-title":"The neuroscience of dissociative amnesia and repressed memory: Premature conclusions and unanswered questions","author":"Otgaar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Legal Criminological Psychol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.05.006","article-title":"Structural and functional brain alterations in psychiatric patients with dissociative experiences: A systematic review of magnetic resonance imaging studies","volume":"128","author":"Lotfinia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"B21","volume-title":"Science and pseudoscience in clinical psychology","author":"Lilienfeld","year":"2015"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721411429457","article-title":"Dissociation and dissociative disorders: Challenging conventional wisdom","volume":"21","author":"Lynn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Dir psychol Sci"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tops.12754","article-title":"Beyond repressed memory: Current alternative solutions to the controversy","volume":"16","author":"Dodier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Topics Cogn Sci"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691621990628","article-title":"Belief in unconscious repressed memory persists","volume":"16","author":"Otgaar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Perspect psychol Sci"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8760(00)00128-8","article-title":"The objective assessment of amnesia in dissociative identity disorder using event-related potentials","volume":"38","author":"Allen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol"},{"key":"B26","article-title":"Does meta-analytic evidence support Inter-identity amnesia in dissociative identity disorder","volume-title":"A commentary and corrected analysis for. Clinical psychology review","author":"Donath","year":"2025"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291706007100","article-title":"Inter-identity amnesia in dissociative identity disorder: a simulated memory impairment","volume":"36","author":"Huntjens","year":"2006","journal-title":"psychol Med"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291706007100","article-title":"Inter-identity amnesia in dissociative identity disorder: a\nsimulated memory impairment","volume":"36","author":"Huntjens","year":"2006","journal-title":"PsychologicalMedicine"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2006.07.001","article-title":"Memory transfer for emotionally valenced words between identities in dissociative identity disorder","volume":"45","author":"Huntjens","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000377","article-title":"Transfer of episodic self-referential memory across amnesic identities in dissociative identity disorder using the autobiographical implicit association test","volume":"127","author":"Marsh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Abnormal Psychol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245849","article-title":"Inter-identity amnesia for neutral episodic self-referential and autobiographical memory in dissociative identity disorder: An assessment of recall and recognition","volume":"16","author":"Marsh","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B32","volume-title":"Self-concept structure in individuals with dissociative identity disorder, schizophrenia spectrum disorders, and non-clinical comparisons","author":"Donath","year":"2023"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000686","article-title":"The Dissociation-Related Beliefs About Memory Questionnaire (DBMQ): Development and psychometric properties","volume":"15","author":"Huntjens","year":"2023","journal-title":"psychol trauma: theory research Pract Policy"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101769","article-title":"Imagery Rescripting as a stand-alone treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood abuse: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"77","author":"Raabe","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2020.1851511","article-title":"Effect of Prolonged Exposure, intensified Prolonged Exposure and STAIR+Prolonged Exposure in patients with PTSD related to childhood abuse: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Oprel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2020.158","article-title":"Imagery rescripting and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing as treatment for adults with post-traumatic stress disorder from childhood trauma: randomised clinical trial","volume":"217","author":"Boterhoven de Haan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2021.1057","article-title":"Phase-based treatment versus immediate trauma-focused treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder due to childhood abuse: Randomised clinical trial","volume":"7","author":"Van Vliet","year":"2021","journal-title":"BJPsych Open"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2020.30","article-title":"Impact of dissociation on the effectiveness of psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Hoeboer","year":"2020","journal-title":"BJPsych Open"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10081553","article-title":"Somatoform dissociative symptoms have no impact on the outcome of trauma-focused treatment for severe PTSD","volume":"10","author":"Zoet","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/s0272-7358(99)00073-2","article-title":"An examination of the diagnostic validity of dissociative identity disorder","volume":"21","author":"Gleaves","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203893920","volume-title":"Dissociation and the dissociative disorders: DSM-V and beyond","author":"Dell","year":"2010"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2892","article-title":"Personality disorder traits, maladaptive schemas, modes and coping styles in participants with complex dissociative disorders, borderline personality disorder and avoidant personality disorder","volume":"30","author":"van der Linde","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Psychother"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0001713","article-title":"). Can dissociative symptoms be explained by coping and emotion regulation? A longitudinal investigation","author":"Lam","year":"2024","journal-title":"psychol Trauma: Theory Research Practice Policy."},{"key":"B44","volume-title":"Schema therapy: A practitioner\u2019s guide","author":"Young","year":"2003"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1151872","article-title":"Schema therapy for Dissociative Identity Disorder: a case report","volume":"14","author":"Bachrach","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1080\/15299732.2011.537248","article-title":"Guidelines for treating dissociative identity disorder in adults, third revision: summary version","volume":"12","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Trauma dissociation: Off J Int Soc Study Dissociation (ISSD)"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15299732.2014.924461","article-title":"Early traumatized inpatients high in psychoform and somatoform dissociation: characteristics and treatment response","volume":"15","author":"Jepsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Trauma dissociation: Off J Int Soc Study Dissociation (ISSD)"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016210","article-title":"A naturalistic study of dissociative identity disorder and dissociative disorder not otherwise specified patients treated by community clinicians","volume":"1","author":"Brand","year":"2009","journal-title":"psychol Trauma: Theory Research Practice Policy"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027654","article-title":"A longitudinal naturalistic study of patients with dissociative disorders treated by community clinicians","volume":"5","author":"Brand","year":"2013","journal-title":"psychol Trauma: Theory Research Practice Policy"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-03970-8","article-title":"Group treatment for complex dissociative disorders: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"22","author":"B\u00e6kkelund","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B51","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial assists individuals with complex trauma and dissociation in Finding Solid Ground","volume-title":"Psychological trauma: theory, research, practice, and policy","author":"Brand","year":"2025"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpra.2019.07.012","article-title":"Evaluating the unified protocol in the treatment of dissociative identify disorder","volume":"27","author":"Mohajerin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cogn Behav Pract"},{"key":"B53","volume-title":"Schema-focused Therapy for Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID): A repeated case series study","author":"Huntjens","year":""},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2021.101655","article-title":"A brief cognitive-behavioural treatment approach for PTSD and Dissociative Identity Disorder, a case report","volume":"72","author":"van Minnen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psychotherapy.2016.70.4.343","article-title":"Adapting dialectical behavior therapy for the treatment of dissociative identity disorder","volume":"70","author":"Foote","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Psychother"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1300\/J229v02n01_09","article-title":"Ten-year follow-up study of patients with dissociative identity disorder","volume":"2","author":"Coons","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Trauma Dissociation"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.6.832","article-title":"Two-year follow-up of inpatients with dissociative identity disorder","volume":"154","author":"Ellason","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2020.124","article-title":"Treating patients with severe mental illness with narrative exposure therapy for comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"7","author":"Mauritz","year":"2020","journal-title":"BJPsych Open"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1300\/J229v01n02_05","article-title":"Incorporating EMDR and EMDR adaptations into the treatment of clients with dissociative identity disorder","volume":"1","author":"Twombly","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Trauma Dissociation"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aip.2006.09.007","article-title":"Intensive trauma therapy of PTSD and dissociation: An outcome study","volume":"34","author":"Gantt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arts Psychother"},{"key":"B61","volume-title":"Coping with trauma-related dissociation: Skills training for patients and therapists","author":"Boon","year":"2011"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22469","article-title":"Critical analysis of the current treatment guidelines for complex PTSD in adults","volume":"33","author":"De Jongh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Depression Anxiety"},{"key":"B63","volume-title":"Unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders: Therapist guide","author":"Barlow","year":"2011"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2014.11.002","article-title":"Sleep loss increases dissociation and affects memory for emotional stimuli","volume":"47","author":"van Heugten-van der Kloet","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2021.101999","article-title":"On the efficacy of the unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"87","author":"Carlucci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2022.0010","article-title":"Effectiveness of predominantly group schema therapy and combined individual and group schema therapy for borderline personality disorder: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"79","author":"Arntz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc Psychiatry"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291722003634","article-title":"Dropout from psychological treatment for borderline personality disorder: a multilevel survival meta-analysis","volume":"2022","author":"Arntz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2023.102772","article-title":"Efficacy of imagery rescripting in treating mental disorders associated with aversive memories - An updated meta-analysis","volume":"99","author":"Kip","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10235622","article-title":"Effectiveness of psychological treatments for borderline personality disorder and predictors of treatment outcomes: A multivariate multilevel meta-analysis of data from all design types","volume":"10","author":"Rameckers","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2020.1783955","article-title":"Trauma-focused treatment outcome for complex PTSD patients: results of an intensive treatment programme","volume":"11","author":"Voorendonk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"key":"B71","volume-title":"Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder","author":"Linehan","year":"1993"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.7.757","article-title":"Two-year randomized controlled trial and follow-up of dialectical behavior therapy vs therapy by experts for suicidal behaviors and borderline personality disorder","volume":"63","author":"Linehan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.2148","article-title":"Dialectical behavior therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (DBT-PTSD) compared with cognitive processing therapy (CPT) in complex presentations of PTSD in women survivors of childhood abuse: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"77","author":"Bohus","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psychotherapy.2015.69.2.91","article-title":"Introduction to a special issue dialectical behavior therapy: evolution and adaptations in the 21(st) century","volume":"69","author":"Miller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Psychother"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470712986.ch9","article-title":"Mentalizing and borderline personality disorder","volume-title":"The handbook of mentalization-based treatment","author":"Bateman","year":"2006"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1426092","article-title":"Breaking the cycle with trauma-focused mentalization-based treatment: theory and practice of a trauma-focused group intervention","volume":"15","author":"Smits","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-016-1000-9","article-title":"A randomised controlled trial of mentalization-based treatment versus structured clinical management for patients with comorbid borderline personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder","volume":"16","author":"Bateman","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2012.01923.x","article-title":"Outcome of mentalization-based and supportive psychotherapy in patients with borderline personality disorder: a randomized trial","volume":"127","author":"J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/papt.12195","article-title":"Mentalization-based treatment and its evidence-base status: A systematic literature review","volume":"92","author":"Malda-Castillo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol Psychother"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/papt.12194","article-title":"Is mentalization-based therapy effective in treating the symptoms of borderline personality disorder? A systematic review","volume":"92","author":"Vogt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol Psychother"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-019-1012-5","article-title":"Mentalization-based treatment for personality disorders: efficacy, effectiveness, and new developments","volume":"21","author":"Volkert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/papt.12036","article-title":"Changing from a traditional psychodynamic treatment programme to mentalization-based treatment for patients with borderline personality disorder\u2013does it make a difference","volume":"88","author":"Kvarstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol Psychother"},{"key":"B83","unstructured":"Zorgstandaard dissociatieve stoornissen\n          \n          2020"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2024.2316153","article-title":"Treatment of dissociative identity disorder: leveraging neurobiology to optimize success","volume":"24","author":"Purcell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20176","article-title":"A controlled trial of paroxetine for chronic PTSD, dissociation, and interpersonal problems in mostly minority adults","volume":"24","author":"Marshall","year":"2007","journal-title":"Depression Anxiety"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.185.1.31","article-title":"Fluoxetine therapy in depersonalisation disorder: randomised controlled trial","volume":"185","author":"Simeon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J psychiatry: J Ment Sci"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/026988110101500205","article-title":"Effect of naloxone therapy on depersonalization: a pilot study","volume":"15","author":"Nuller","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol (Oxford England)"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.4088\/jcp.v60n0906","article-title":"Naltrexone in the treatment of dissociative symptoms in patients with borderline personality disorder: an open-label trial","volume":"60","author":"Bohus","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"B89","article-title":"A preliminary trial of nalmefene for the treatment of emotional numbing in combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"30","author":"Glover","year":"1993","journal-title":"Israel J Psychiatry related Sci"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-014-4015-9","article-title":"Niedrig dosiertes Naltrexon in der Behandlung dissoziativer Symptome [Low dose naltrexone in the treatment of dissociative symptoms","volume":"86","author":"Pape","year":"2015","journal-title":"Der Nervenarzt"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-827243","article-title":"Naloxone in the treatment of acute dissociative states in female patients with borderline personality disorder","volume":"37","author":"Philipsen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YIC.0b013e32834d0e50","article-title":"Evaluation of naltrexone for dissociative symptoms in borderline personality disorder","volume":"27","author":"Schmahl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2018.18020138","article-title":"Attenuation of antidepressant effects of ketamine by opioid receptor antagonism","volume":"175","author":"Williams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1650164\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T05:29:48Z","timestamp":1758778188000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1650164\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"references-count":93,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1650164"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1650164","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"article-number":"1650164"}}